Explore Abstract Class and Method in Java: Learn Rules to Streamline Your Code

Have you ever worked with classes in Java that share some methods but differ in specific ways? Abstract classes and methods in Java can solve that problem. They let you define common features in one place while giving child classes the freedom to fill in specific details. That approach keeps your code organized and encourages reuse. 

Did you know? Java now offers sealed classes. They give tighter control over inheritance.

In this blog, you’ll learn how to declare abstract classes, write abstract methods, and apply their rules in practice. You’ll also explore code examples that show real-life uses, so you can adopt these concepts with confidence. Let’s begin!

What Are Abstract Classes and Abstract Methods in Java?

Java’s object-oriented design relies on categorizing similar functionality into distinct layers. Abstract classes and methods strengthen that design by helping you define shared fields and behavior while leaving certain implementation details for child classes. 

This approach lets you avoid duplicating the same setup in every subclass and keeps your code consistent across different parts of your application. It also simplifies maintenance because any shared functionality resides in a single location rather than being scattered throughout many files.

Ready to see how these ideas turn into practical definitions and code? Let’s break them down.

What is Abstract Class in Java?

An abstract class is a class declared with the abstract keyword and cannot be instantiated. It outlines a set of behaviors and properties that subclasses must adopt or customize. 

Please note: To instantiate a class means to create an actual object from it using the new keyword, which you cannot do for an abstract class in Java.

Below are the key facts that define an abstract class in Java:

• You cannot call new on an abstract class, so it serves as a blueprint rather than a directly usable type.
• An abstract class may contain both abstract methods (no body) and concrete methods (full implementation).
• Constructors, static members, and final methods are allowed in an abstract class.
• If you extend an abstract class, you must implement all its abstract methods, or your subclass becomes abstract, too.

Here’s an example that demonstrates how an abstract class can unify common data and methods while requiring each subclass to fill in its own specifics:

abstract class Shape {
    String color;

    // Abstract method: no body here
    abstract void draw();

    // Concrete method: has a body
    void setColor(String color) {
        this.color = color;
    }
}

class Circle extends Shape {
    @Override
    void draw() {
        System.out.println("Drawing a circle in color: " + color);
    }
}

Output:

Drawing a circle in color: Red

What’s happening in the code?

• The Shape is marked abstract, so you cannot instantiate it directly.
• Shape declares an abstract method draw(), which leaves the drawing logic to its subclasses.
• Circle extends Shape and implements the draw() method, providing the actual drawing behavior.
• You can call setColor("Red") on a Circle object and then call draw() to see the color in action.

What is an Abstract Method in Java?

An abstract method is declared with the abstract keyword but provides no implementation. It serves as a contract that subclasses must fulfill rather than a fully defined function. 

Here are the core points to note about abstract methods in Java:

• Declared without a body (ends with a semicolon instead of braces).
• Must reside in an abstract class or an interface.
• Subclasses that extend an abstract class must implement all inherited abstract methods or remain abstract themselves.
• Cannot be combined with modifiers like final, static, or private.

Here’s a concise code snippet demonstrating how an abstract method forces a subclass to provide its own implementation:

abstract class Animal {
    // Abstract method
    abstract void makeSound();

    // Concrete method
    void sleep() {
        System.out.println("Sleeping...");
    }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    @Override
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Bark!");
    }
}

Output (assuming the main method does this):

Bark!
Sleeping...

What’s happening in the code?

• Animal has an abstract method makeSound(), which has no body.
• Dog extends Animal and must override makeSound().
• The method sleep() is concrete, so the Dog inherits its behavior and can use it as is.

Also Read: Keywords in Java: List of All Top Java Keywords

If you’re an absolute beginner, you will greatly benefit from upGrad’s free tutorial, Introduction to Java Tutorial. Learn all Java concepts from beginner to advanced now!

Why to Use Abstract Class and Method in Java? 

Abstract classes and methods in Java let you group related logic into a single blueprint so child classes do not start from zero. They define shared behavior in one place while allowing each subclass to fill in specific details. This keeps your code consistent across different classes that share common traits. 

Let’s now see the main reasons to rely on abstract classes and methods in Java:

• Better Code Organization: You keep everything shared in a single place by defining core methods and fields in one abstract class.
• Reduced Code Duplication: You won’t need to copy the same basic method structure across multiple classes.
• Strong Contracts: Abstract methods ensure that all subclasses follow certain rules, so you know these methods exist in every subclass.
• Single Blueprint, Many Implementations: Each subclass can implement abstract methods differently while still respecting the parent class’s overall design.
• Flexibility for Subclasses: Child classes may include extra behaviors, add more fields, or override methods, allowing a customized outcome for each specific case.

Also Read: The Root Class from Which All Java Classes Got Inherited

How to Declare and Structure an Abstract Class in Java? Learn With Examples

An abstract class holds core details you want all related subclasses to inherit, yet it also sets aside certain methods that those subclasses must implement on their own. You can include fields, constructors, and even non-abstract methods in an abstract class, which allows you to avoid redundant code across different child classes. 

You decide which parts remain optional for subclasses and which parts they must redefine.

Let's first review the formal rules, then explore how to handle instantiation, followed by multiple code examples.

Rules for Abstract Classes in Java

• Keyword: You must use the abstract keyword in your class definition (e.g., abstract class Example {}).
• No Direct Objects: You cannot create a direct instance using new AbstractClassName().
• Mixed Methods: An abstract class may contain abstract methods (no body) and concrete methods (full implementation).
• Constructors & Statics: It can include constructors, static fields, static methods, and even final methods.
• Inheritance Requirements: If any subclass fails to implement all inherited abstract methods, that subclass must also be declared abstract.
• Optionally Zero Abstract Methods: A class can be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods, often done to prevent direct instantiation.

Also Read: Parameterized Constructors in Java

Declaring an Abstract Class

To declare an abstract class, add the abstract keyword before the class keyword. For instance:

abstract class Shape {
    // Shared fields
    String color;

    // Abstract methods (no body)
    abstract void draw();

    // Concrete methods (with a body)
    void setColor(String color) {
        this.color = color;
    }
}

• Keyword Placement: abstract appears before class.
• No Direct Instantiation: You cannot call new Shape() in this example.
• Mix of Methods: draw() is abstract, while setColor() is concrete.

From here, you extend Shape in a concrete class like Circle or Rectangle to provide an actual draw() method.

Clearing Up Instantiation

You cannot instantiate an abstract class by writing something like new AbstractExample(). That line triggers a compile-time error because an abstract class is incomplete by design. 

Instead, here’s what you can do:

1. Extend the abstract class in a concrete subclass.
2. Provide implementations for all abstract methods (if any exist).
3. Instantiate the concrete subclass normally with new.

For instance, if you have an abstract class Vehicle { abstract void startEngine(); }, you cannot do new Vehicle(). 

Instead, you might write:

class Car extends Vehicle {
    @Override
    void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("Car engine started!");
    }
}

// Then in some main method:
Vehicle vehicle = new Car(); // Allowed, but vehicle itself is an abstract reference

In this way, Car does the real work, while Vehicle just defines the structure.

Also Read: Errors and Debugging in Java

Detailed Examples of Abstract Classes in Action

Below are several examples showcasing different structures and uses of abstract classes.

Example 1: Basic Abstract Class with Abstract and Concrete Methods

What’s happening in the code snippet? You define an abstract class Device with both an abstract method and a concrete method. The subclass Mobile implements the abstract method.

abstract class Device {
    abstract void powerOn();  // Abstract method

    void info() {            // Concrete method
        System.out.println("General device information...");
    }
}

class Mobile extends Device {
    @Override
    void powerOn() {
        System.out.println("Powering on the mobile device.");
    }
}

public class ExampleOne {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Device d = new Mobile();
        d.powerOn();
        d.info();
    }
}

Output:

Powering on the mobile device.
General device information...

Explanation:

• Device cannot be used with new on its own.
• Mobile overrides powerOn().
• The info() method is inherited as is.
• The reference Device d = new Mobile(); is valid, but only because Mobile is a concrete class.

Example 2: Abstract Class with a Constructor

What’s happening in the code snippet? An abstract class Building sets a common property in its constructor, which the subclass House inherits.

abstract class Building {
    String address;

    Building(String address) {
        this.address = address;
        System.out.println("Abstract Building constructor called.");
    }

    abstract void openDoor();
}

class House extends Building {
    House(String address) {
        super(address);  // Calls the Building constructor
    }

    @Override
    void openDoor() {
        System.out.println("Opening house door at " + address);
    }
}

public class ExampleTwo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        House house = new House("123 Maple Street");
        house.openDoor();
    }
}

Output:

Abstract Building constructor called.
Opening house door at 123 Maple Street

Explanation:

• Even though Building is abstract, it can have a constructor.
• The subclass House calls super(address) in its own constructor.
• You see a shared field (address) that the abstract class defines.

Also Read: Constructors in Java: A Comprehensive Guide

Example 3: Abstract Class with Static Method

What’s happening in the code snippet? You define an abstract class that has a static method you can call without an instance.

abstract class Calculator {
    static int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    abstract int multiply(int a, int b);
}

class SimpleCalc extends Calculator {
    @Override
    int multiply(int a, int b) {
        return a * b;
    }
}

public class ExampleThree {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int sum = Calculator.add(5, 10);
        System.out.println("Sum: " + sum);

        SimpleCalc calc = new SimpleCalc();
        System.out.println("Multiplication: " + calc.multiply(4, 7));
    }
}

Output:

Sum: 15
Multiplication: 28

Explanation:

• The add method belongs to the abstract class Calculator as a static method.
• You call it with Calculator.add(5, 10) directly.
• multiply is abstract, so SimpleCalc implements it.

Also Read: Exploring Static Method in Java: A Comprehensive Guide

Example 4: Abstract Class with a Final Method

What’s happening in the code snippet? In this snippet, you create a final method in the abstract class so subclasses cannot override it.

abstract class Printer {
    final void printHeader() {
        System.out.println("=== Header ===");
    }

    abstract void printContent();
}

class TextPrinter extends Printer {
    @Override
    void printContent() {
        System.out.println("Plain text content here.");
    }
}

public class ExampleFour {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TextPrinter tp = new TextPrinter();
        tp.printHeader();
        tp.printContent();
    }
}

Output:

=== Header ===
Plain text content here.

Explanation:

• printHeader() is final, which means TextPrinter cannot override it.
• printContent() is abstract, and each subclass implements it differently.

Example 5: Abstract Class without Abstract Methods

What’s happening in the code snippet? Here, you declare a class as abstract even though it lacks an abstract method. This approach is sometimes used to prevent direct instantiation while sharing certain code.

abstract class VehicleBase {
    void showType() {
        System.out.println("Generic vehicle.");
    }
}

class Bike extends VehicleBase {
    void ride() {
        System.out.println("Riding the bike.");
    }
}

public class ExampleFive {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // VehicleBase vb = new VehicleBase(); // Not allowed
        Bike b = new Bike();
        b.showType();
        b.ride();
    }
}

Output:

Generic vehicle.
Riding the bike.

Explanation:

• VehicleBase is abstract, but contains only a concrete method showType().
• Marking it abstract blocks new VehicleBase(), ensuring you must use Bike or another subclass.

Example 6: Abstract Class with a Main Method

What’s happening in the code snippet? Even though you cannot instantiate an abstract class, you can still include a main() method inside it. That method can create instances of a subclass.

abstract class AnimalBase {
    abstract void makeSound();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Inside abstract class main");
        AnimalBase animal = new DogConcrete();
        animal.makeSound();
    }
}

class DogConcrete extends AnimalBase {
    @Override
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Woof!");
    }
}

Output:

Inside abstract class main
Woof!

Explanation:

• The main() method is valid in AnimalBase, but you still cannot do new AnimalBase().
• You create DogConcrete instead, fulfilling the requirement for makeSound().
• This setup is sometimes used for quick testing or demonstration purposes.

These examples cover many possibilities, from constructors and static methods to final methods and no abstract methods. By mixing these approaches, you can craft abstract classes that effectively share code, enforce rules, and remain flexible for future needs.

What Are the Rules Surrounding Abstract Methods, and How to Declare Them? Learn With Examples

Abstract methods let you define actions without revealing exactly how they happen. Think of them as a contract that forces each subclass to say, “Yes, I will provide my own version of this method.” The parent class remains silent on the details, leaving room for every child class to adapt that method to its own needs.

Below are the core principles of abstract methods and how to implement them in code.

Key Rules for Abstract Methods in Java

Here are the rules for abstract methods which you must understand.

1. Declaration

Use the keyword abstract, then specify the return type and name, ending with a semicolon instead of braces.

Here’s an example:

abstract void doSomething(); // No method body

2. No Body

An abstract method cannot have a method body. If you write { }, you create a compile-time error.

3. Mandatory Override

Any concrete subclass must override all inherited abstract methods. If it does not, that subclass must also be declared abstract.

Here’s an example:

// If a subclass fails to provide an override, 
// declare it abstract too.

4. Invalid Modifiers

Combinations like final abstract, static abstract, or private abstract lead to compile-time errors because they conflict with the idea of a method that must be overridden.

Detailed Examples of Abstract Methods in Action

Let’s understand abstract methods in Java through some examples now.

Example 1: A Simple Abstract Method That Subclasses Must Override

What’s happening in the code snippet? An abstract class Transport defines a single abstract method move(). One subclass Car implements this method. Another subclass Hovercraft forgets to implement move(), which forces that subclass to become abstract too.

abstract class Transport {
    abstract void move(); // Must be overridden by non-abstract subclasses
}

class Car extends Transport {
    @Override
    void move() {
        System.out.println("Car moves on roads.");
    }
}

// No move() override here, so this class remains abstract
abstract class Hovercraft extends Transport {
    // We'll keep it abstract to avoid implementing move()
}

public class ExampleOne {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car car = new Car();
        car.move();

        // Hovercraft hover = new Hovercraft(); // Not allowed, it's abstract
    }
}

Output:

Car moves on roads.

Explanation:

• Transport declares move() as abstract, so child classes cannot ignore it if they want to be concrete.
• Car overrides move(), so you can instantiate Car.
• Hovercraft provides no override, so it must be declared abstract, preventing direct instantiation.

Example 2: Demonstrating a Compile Error with Invalid Modifiers

What’s happening in the code snippet? Here, we try to declare final and abstract at the same time. This snippet won’t compile, showing that certain modifiers cannot pair with abstract.

abstract class Appliance {
    // Illegal combination of modifiers:
    // final abstract void powerOn();
    
    // Correct abstract method:
    abstract void powerOn();
}

Output (compilation error):

error: illegal combination of modifiers: abstract and final

Explanation:

• An abstract method is meant to be overridden, while final disallows overriding.
• The compiler spots this contradiction immediately.

Example 3: Different Return Types and Access Levels (Allowed Combinations)

What’s happening in the code snippet? An abstract method can specify various return types and access levels (public or protected, or default if omitted), but it cannot be private.

abstract class Animal {
    public abstract String makeSound(); 
    protected abstract int getAge();  
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    @Override
    public String makeSound() {
        return "Bark!";
    }

    @Override
    protected int getAge() {
        return 5;
    }
}

public class ExampleThree {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dog dog = new Dog();
        System.out.println(dog.makeSound());
        System.out.println("Dog age: " + dog.getAge());
    }
}

Output:

Bark!
Dog age: 5

Explanation:

• makeSound() is public abstract in Animal, so Dog implements it with a public method.
• getAge() is protected abstract in Animal, so Dog uses protected as well.
• You would get a compile-time error if either method were declared private abstract. 

Following these guidelines ensures that abstract methods remain a clear contract for subclasses to fulfill, without any conflicts from incompatible modifiers or missing implementations.

What’s the Difference Between Abstract Class and Abstract Method?

An abstract class is a special kind of class that can hold both completed and unfinished methods, while an abstract method is simply a method without a body. One focuses on structuring multiple behaviors at once; the other highlights a single behavior that subclasses must implement on their own.

Let’s line up all the differences in a clear table.

Can a Class Be Abstract Without Any Abstract Methods?

To clear the air once and for all: yes, a class can be abstract without any abstract methods. 

You might mark a class as abstract simply because you want to prevent anyone from creating objects of that class. Even if all of its methods are fully implemented, declaring the class abstract signals that it is only meant to be extended by other classes. 

This practice also helps you group certain methods and fields together without allowing direct instantiation.

Let’s see some possible reasons why developers do this:

• Prevent Direct Creation: You may wish to stop others from writing new YourClassName(), forcing them to extend it instead.
• Provide Common Functionality: All methods in the abstract class could be concrete, but you want them inherited, not used standalone.
• Enforce Usage in Specialized Classes: Declaring it abstract ensures that only specialized child classes can handle actual implementation details.
• Share Code: It can still contain constructors, static fields, or helper methods that multiple subclasses might need, even with zero abstract methods.

How Does Abstract Class and Abstract Method in Java Work in Subclasses?

Subclasses extend an abstract class to inherit common fields and methods while adding or refining specific behaviors. Every abstract method within the parent must either be implemented by the subclass or remain unimplemented if the subclass itself is declared abstract. This arrangement ensures that the entire class hierarchy eventually provides the necessary functionality.

Let’s lay out the main steps involved in using abstract classes and methods in subclasses:

• Inheritance: Declare the subclass with extends AbstractSuperClass.
• Implementing Abstract Methods: Provide a body for each inherited abstract method if you want a concrete (instantiable) subclass.
• If Not Implementing: If you skip implementing any abstract method, then your subclass must also be marked abstract.

Let’s understand this better with the help of an example.

This code snippet shows how a subclass Dog inherits from an abstract class Animal, overriding the abstract method makeSound() to supply its own logic.

abstract class Animal {
    abstract void makeSound();
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    @Override
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Bark");
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal myAnimal = new Dog();
        myAnimal.makeSound();
    }
}

Output:

Bark

Explanation:

• Animal declares makeSound() as abstract, leaving no default behavior.
• Dog extends Animal and must override makeSound().

You can assign a Dog object to an Animal reference, then call makeSound().

How to Use Abstract Class References?

Even though you cannot call new on an abstract class, you can still hold a reference to it. This approach allows you to benefit from polymorphism, where a single parent-type reference can point to different subclass objects. When you call methods on that reference, Java decides which subclass method to invoke at runtime, making your code more flexible.

Let’s see the key points about abstract class references:

• Allowed: AbstractClass ref = new ConcreteClass();
• Cannot: new AbstractClass() will cause a compile-time error because an abstract class itself is incomplete.

Example: Demonstrating Abstract Class References

What’s happening? In this example, Vehicle is abstract, but you can have a Vehicle reference point to different subclasses like Car or Bike. Each subclass overrides startEngine() differently.

abstract class Vehicle {
    abstract void startEngine();
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
    @Override
    void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("Car engine starting with a key!");
    }
}

class Bike extends Vehicle {
    @Override
    void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("Bike engine starting with a kick!");
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Vehicle myVehicle = new Car();
        myVehicle.startEngine();

        myVehicle = new Bike();
        myVehicle.startEngine();
    }
}

Output:

Car engine starting with a key!
Bike engine starting with a kick!

Explanation:

• Vehicle is abstract, so you cannot write new Vehicle().
• You can declare a Vehicle myVehicle reference, then assign a new Car() to it or a new Bike().
• Calls to startEngine() are resolved at runtime, based on the actual object (Car or Bike).

What Is Partial vs Full Abstraction in Java?

Abstraction is a core principle in object-oriented programming that hides internal complexity while revealing only essential functionality. It allows you to define interfaces and class structures without exposing every detail of how things actually work under the hood. Instead, you focus on what should be done, leaving the how to specific classes or methods. 

By separating the conceptual framework from the underlying implementation, abstraction helps you maintain cleaner code, simplify debugging, and adapt easily to new requirements. It also lets you layer functionality in a way that is easy for others to understand and extend.

Here are the two types:

• Partial Abstraction: Achieved through abstract classes, which may include both abstract methods (no body) and concrete methods (fully defined). This means subclasses share some implemented methods but must still provide their own versions for any abstract method.
• Full Abstraction: Typically associated with interfaces (especially in older Java versions, where interfaces only had abstract methods). Every method is declared but not implemented, demanding subclasses or implementing classes to define those methods completely.

Now, let’s have a look at how these two differ across different aspects.

Also Read: Difference between Abstract Class and Interface

Where and How Does Polymorphism Fit In?

Polymorphism in Java enables you to handle different object types through the same reference. An abstract class lays down a common structure, and each subclass overrides the abstract methods with its own unique approach. 

This setup allows you to call the same method name on different subclasses and get distinct results, all while using a single reference type.

Here are the key points you should know:

• Polymorphic Behavior: You can declare an abstract class reference (Animal animal;) and assign any concrete subclass object to it (new Dog() or new Cat()). When you call an overridden method, Java decides which subclass version to invoke at runtime.
• Method Overriding: Abstract methods in the parent class must be implemented in each subclass. Each subclass offers a specialized version of that method, so you see different outputs even though you invoke the same method name.

Example: One Parent Reference, Multiple Subclass Behaviors

What’s happening in the code snippet?Animal is abstract with the method makeSound(). Two subclasses — Dog and Cat — override it. We assign different subclass objects to the same Animal reference, and each one runs its own method implementation.

abstract class Animal {
    abstract void makeSound();
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    @Override
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Woof!");
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    @Override
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Meow!");
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal myAnimal = new Dog();
        myAnimal.makeSound(); // Dog's version

        myAnimal = new Cat();
        myAnimal.makeSound(); // Cat's version
    }
}

Output:

Woof!
Meow!

Explanation:

• Animal only declares makeSound() without specifying how it sounds.
• Dog and Cat each provide their own version.
• Polymorphism lets you switch the Animal reference from a Dog object to a Cat object, and each call to makeSound() triggers a different output.

Also Read: Difference Between Overloading and Overriding in Java

What Common Mistakes Should You Avoid with Abstract Classes and Methods in Java?

Mistakes with abstract classes in Java and methods can lead to inefficient code. Below are common pitfalls:

• Instantiating abstract classes directly, such as new Shape();.
• Forgetting to implement all abstract methods in subclasses.
• Misusing access modifiers in abstract methods, leading to compilation errors.
• Overcomplicating designs with excessive abstraction.

What Are the Best Practices for Using Abstract Class and Methods in Java?

Abstract classes in Java work best when used with clear strategies. Here are practical approaches to make the most of them.

When Should You Use Abstract Classes and Methods in Java?

You may not need an abstract class for every scenario, but certain situations call for a common parent class that enforces specific behaviors while leaving room for subclasses to customize the details. This approach balances consistency and flexibility so your code remains both unified and adaptable.

Here are some instances when using abstract class and abstract method in Java makes most sense:

• Common Base Logic: You have several related classes that share similar fields and methods, but you want to leave some methods unimplemented.
• Prevent Direct Instantiation: You need a class that should never be created on its own, only extended by more specialized subclasses.
• Enforce Implementation: Specific methods are crucial and must be coded by each subclass, guaranteeing consistent behavior throughout your application.
• Partial Abstraction: You want to combine abstract methods with ready-to-use, concrete methods in one parent class, helping subclasses inherit default functionality while overriding only what they must.
• Unified Model in Larger Systems: Complex hierarchies benefit from a single point of reference that standardizes core features yet allows each subclass to be distinct in its critical functions.

How Can upGrad Help You Master Java Programming?

Advance your Java programming journey with upGrad. upGrad offers clarity and practical learning opportunities to strengthen your skills. Here are upGrad's Core Java Courses you should explore.

• Core Java Basics
• OOP Principles in Java

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Related Blogs:

• Abstraction in Java: Types, Examples, and Explanation
• How to Implement Data Abstraction in Java?
• Abstraction vs Encapsulation: Difference Between Abstraction and Encapsulation

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