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Attending a Python interview and wondering what are all the questions and discussions you will go through? Before attending a python interview, it’s better to have an idea about the types of python interview questions that will be asked so that you can prepare answers for them. Undisputed one of the most popular programming languages these days, Python is a hot choice for both established and beginner programmers. And, ease of the language helps develop some interesting Python Projects that are applicable in the real world. Its simplicity and ease of use lend to its popularity. Not to mention, it is the language of choice for the data science and data visualization fields, along with R. That being said, Python is a very important language for anyone’s toolkit. To help you out, I have created the top python interview question and answers guide to understand the depth and real-intend of python interview questions.  To help you out, I have created the top Python interview question and answers guide to understand the depth and real-intend of Python interview questions. Let’s get started. Apart from these questions, you will also be given code snippets where you have to deduce the resulting value or statement (or the lack of it). These cannot be predicted and will be dependent on your programming practice. Learning data science from a recognized institution will help you clear python interviews easily and get the dream job you always wanted. Surely, these upGrad python exam questions would help you to crack that job! Let’s get started with top python interview questions and answers.  Python Interview Questions & Answers 2024 Q 1) What is the difference between a module and a package in Python? A 1) Each Python program file is a module that imports other modules like objects. Thus, a module is a way to structure the program. The folder of a Python program is called a package of modules. Refer to the below-mentioned table for differences- Module Package A module is responsible to hold file_init_.py for user-oriented code. Does not apply to any module in runtime for any user-specific code. Modifies the user-interpreted code. A file containing python code. This can be asked during python interview questions; make sure to categories your answer and give your response that is structural in manner. Our learners also read – python course free! Q 2) What are the built-in types available in Python? A 2) One of the most common python interview question, There are mutable and immutable built-in types. The mutable ones include: List Sets Dictionaries The immutable types include: Strings Tuples Numbers Explore our Popular Data Science Courses Executive Post Graduate Programme in Data Science from IIITB Professional Certificate Program in Data Science for Business Decision Making Master of Science in Data Science from University of Arizona Advanced Certificate Programme in Data Science from IIITB Professional Certificate Program in Data Science and Business Analytics from University of Maryland Data Science Courses Q 3) What is lambda function in Python? A 3) It is often used as an inline function and is a single expression anonymous function. It is used to make a new function object and return them at runtime. Lambda is an anonymous function in Python that can accept any number of arguments and can have any number of parameters. However, the lambda function can have only a single expression or statement. Usually, it is used in situations that require an anonymous function for a short time period. Lambda functions can be used in either of the two ways: Here’s an example of the lambda function: a = lambda x,y : x+y  print(a(5, 6)) Output: 11 Properties of lambda function in python- It is required when a nameless function is required for a short period of time. Used as an argument to a higher-function. No need of using return statement. Requires only two lines to add three numbers. Execution time is fast. Python beginner questions and answers like these must be elaborated by mentioning the properties of the function. It adds to the answer you are giving and helps in establishing a good position in front of employers.  Our learners also read: Free excel courses! Read our popular Data Science Articles Data Science Career Path: A Comprehensive Career Guide Data Science Career Growth: The Future of Work is here Why is Data Science Important? 8 Ways Data Science Brings Value to the Business Relevance of Data Science for Managers The Ultimate Data Science Cheat Sheet Every Data Scientists Should Have Top 6 Reasons Why You Should Become a Data Scientist A Day in the Life of Data Scientist: What do they do? Myth Busted: Data Science doesn’t need Coding Business Intelligence vs Data Science: What are the differences? Q 4) What is meant by namespace? A namespace refers to a naming system that is used to ensure that all object names in a Python program are unique, to avoid any conflicts. In Python, these namespaces are implemented as dictionaries with ‘name as key’ mapped to a corresponding ‘object as value.’ As a result, multiple namespaces can use the same name and map it to a different object.  Also read: Free data structures and algorithm course! Below are the three types of namespaces in Python:  Local namespace – It includes local names inside a function. A local namespace is temporarily created for a function call and is cleared when the function returns. Global namespace – It consists of the names from various imported packages/ modules that are currently being used in a project. A global namespace is created when a package is imported in the script, and it lasts until the script is executed. Built-in namespace – It includes built-in functions of core Python and built-in names for the different types of exceptions. Properties of namespace- Organise into logical groups Prevent name collisions All identifiers are visible to one another upGrad’s Exclusive Data Science Webinar for you – document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/jai-kapoor.mp4 Q 5 ) Explain the difference between a list and a tuple? A 5) Any Python Interview Question and Answers guide won’t complete without this question. The list is mutable while the tuple is not. Tuples can be hashed as in the case of making keys for dictionaries. Python interview problems and answers like this if explained category-wise adds to the answer you are trying to convey. Refer to the below-mentioned table to understand the difference- List Tuple Mutable Immutable Iteration is slower Iteration is faster Consumes more memory Consumes less memory Error prone operations Safe operations Provides in-built methods Less in-built methods Useful for insertion and deletion of operations Useful for read-only operations like accessing elements. Python interview problems and answers like this if explained category-wise adds to the answer you are trying to convey. Top Data Science Skills to Learn Top Data Science Skills to Learn 1 Data Analysis Course Inferential Statistics Courses 2 Hypothesis Testing Programs Logistic Regression Courses 3 Linear Regression Courses Linear Algebra for Analysis Q 6) Difference between pickling and unpickling? Any Python Interview Question and Answers guide won’t be complete without this question. In Python, the pickle module accepts any Python object, transforms it into a string representation, and dumps it into a file by using the dump function. This process is known as pickling. The function used for this process is pickle.dump(). On the other hand, the process of retrieving the original Python object from the stored string representation is called unpickling. The function used for this process is pickle.load(). Q 7) What are decorators in Python? A 7) A Python decorator is a specific change made in the Python syntax for the easy alteration of functions. Properties of decorators in Python- A decorator in Python adds new functionality to an existing object without modifying the structure. Functionalities can be easily added or removed in defined blocks of code. It can be easily applied to all callables. It adds function, some functionality and then returns it.  Make sure to mention properties of decorators in Python along with mentioning definition. Python interview questions and answers like such are asked to assess your depth of knowledge. Q 8) Difference between generators and iterators? A 8) In Python, iterators are used to iterate over a group of elements (in a list, for example). The way of implementing these iterators is known as generators. It yields an expression in the function, but otherwise behaves like a normal function. Python iterator implements the next()and__itr__ method to iterate the stored elements. Python generator mentions how to implement the iterators. It yields expression in the function. It doesn’t implement the next(), and __itr__ method and decreases other overheads. If there is a minimum of one yield statement in a function, it is known as a generator. Q 9) How to convert a number into a string? A 9) One of the most common python interview questions. We can use the inbuilt str() function. For an octal or hexadecimal representation, we can use the other inbuilt functions like oct() or hex(). Q 10) What is the use of the // operator in Python? A 10) Using the // operator between 2 numbers gives the quotient when the numerator is divided from the denominator. It is called the Floor Division operator. It is one of the general questions from the Python interview questions and answers guide. Q 11) Does Python have a Switch or Case statement like in C? A 11) No, it does not. However, we can make our own Switch function and use it.  Q 12) What is the range() function and what are its parameters? A 12) The range() function is used to generate a list of numbers. Only integer numbers are allowed, and hence, parameters can be both negative and positive. The following parameters are acceptable: range(stop) Where ‘stop’ is the no. of integers to generate, starting from 0. Example: range(5) == [0,1,2,3,4] range([start], stop[, step]) Start: gives the starting no. of the sequence Stop: specifies the upper limit for the sequence Step: is the incrementing factor in the sequence Q 13) What is the use of %s? A 13) %s is a format specifier which transmutes any value into a string. It is useful to format a value in a string. It is put where the string is to be specified. Automatically provides type conversion from value to string. Q 14) Is it mandatory for a Python function to return a value? A 14) No There is no concept of procedure or routine in Python. If the programmer would not explicitly use the return value then Python will implicitly return a default value. Q 15) Does Python have a main() function? A 15) Yes, it does. It is executed automatically whenever we run a Python script. To override this natural flow of things, we can also use the if statement.  Q 16) What is GIL? A 16) GIL or the Global Interpreter Lock is a mutex, used to limit access to Python objects. It synchronizes threads and prevents them from running at the same time. Properties of GIL include- Ensures that only thread is running at a time. Impossible to take advantage of multiple processors with threads. Synchronise the execution of threads. It is considered one of the top python interview questions for experienced professionals. Q 17) Before the use of the ‘in’ operator, which method was used to check the presence of a key in a dictionary? A 17) The has_key() method Q 18) How do you change the data type of a list? A 18) To change a list into a tuple, we use the tuple() function To change it into a set, we use the set() function To change it into a dictionary, we use the dict() function To change it into a string, we use the .join() method Q 19) What are the key features of Python? A 19) It is one of the common python interview questions. Python is an open-source, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Since it is a general-purpose programming language and it comes with an assortment of libraries, you can use Python for developing almost any type of application. Some of its key features are: Interpreted Dynamically-typed Object-oriented English-like syntax Easy to write Free and open source Easy to understand Extensible Database and GUI Programming Scalable Integrated Supports programming paradigms Portable Standard Libraries Q 20) Explain memory management in Python. A 20) In Python, the Python Memory Manager takes care of memory management. It allocates the memory in the form of a private heap space that stores all Python objects and data structures, there are 4 built in data structure in python. This private space is inaccessible to the programmer. However, the core API allows the programmer to access some tools for coding purposes. Plus, Python is equipped with an in-built garbage collector that recycles the unused memory for the private heap space. Properties of memory management- Ensures the proper management of memory space. Ensures the allocation of memory space. Allocation and deallocation of the heap memory through API functions. All python objects and data structures are stored in a private heap. The private heap is exclusive to the Python process.  Q 21) What is PYTHONPATH? A 21) PYTHONPATH is an environment variable that is used to incorporate additional directories when a module/package is imported. Whenever a module/package is imported, PYTHONPATH is used to check if the imported modules are present in the existing directories. Usually, the interpreter uses PYTHONPATH to determine which module to load. Properties of PYTHONPATH- Set path for user-defined modules. Handle default search path for Python modules. Allows importing modules that are yet to be made installable. Holds a string with directories required to be added in the sys.path directory list by Python. This type of question comes under best python interview questions and answers. Make sure not to restrict yourselves till the definition; instead, extend your solutions to properties. Q 22) Is Python case-sensitive? A 22) A programming language is deemed to be case-sensitive if it distinguishes between identifiers like “myname” and “Myname.” In simple words, it cares about the case – lowercase or uppercase.  Let’s see an example: >>> myname=’John’ >>> Myname Traceback (most recent call last): File “<pyshell#3>”, line 1, in <module> Myname NameError: name ‘Myname’ is not defined Since it raises a NameError, it means that Python is a case-sensitive language. Check out the trending Python Tutorial concepts in 2024 Q 23) Explain the use of “help()” and “dir()” functions. A 23) One of the most common question in any Python interview question and answers guide. In Python, the help() function is used for showing the documentation of modules, classes, functions, keywords, and so on. If the help() function receives no parameter, it launches an interactive help utility on the console. The dir() function is used to return a valid list of attributes and methods of the object it is called upon. Since the function aims to produce the most relevant data (instead of showing the complete information), it behaves differently with different objects: For modules/library objects, the dir() function returns a list of all attributes contained in that module. For class objects, the dir() function returns a list of all valid attributes and base attributes. When no parameters are passed to it, the dir() function returns a list of attributes in the current scope. Properties of dir() function- Can work on large projects. Helpful while working with various class functions differently. Lists all the available attributes, such as modules, lists, and dictionaries. Properties of hep() function- Easy-to-use function Reduces the complexity of code Helps solve complex problems Python interview questions for freshers like such are asked to understand the depth of knowledge. Make sure not to suffice yourself with one-word answers. Add some additional pointers that are relevant to the question.  Q 24) What are python modules? Name some commonly used built-in modules in Python? A 24) Python modules are files containing Python code that can be either function classes or variables. These modules are Python files having a .py extension. Modules can include a set of functions, classes, or variables that are both defined and implemented. You can import and initialize a module using the import statement, learning python tutorial will let us know more about python modules. The python modules contain python definitions and statements. It can constitute a runnable code. The codes that are grouping related makes the code easier to understand and use and logically organized. Here are some of the commonly used built-in modules in Python: os sys math random data time JSON Q 25) Explain “self” in Python. A 25) In Python, “self” is a keyword used to define an instance or object of a class. Unlike in Java, where the self is optimal, in Python, it is primarily used as the first parameter. Self helps to distinguish between the methods and attributes of a class from its local variables. The self variable in the __init__ method refers to the newly created object or instance, while in other methods, it pertains to the object or instance whose method was called. Properties of ‘self in Python- Refer to the current class instance. Helps to access variables belonging to a class. Attributes and Methods of a class can be accessed using self in Python. Bind attributes with the arguments.  Always point to the current object. Self must be provided as the first parameter to the instance method and constructor. It is a convention but not a Python keyword.  Q 26) What is PEP 8? A 26) PEP or Python Enhancement Proposal is a set of rules that specify how to format Python code for maximum readability. It is an official design document that provides relevant information to the Python Community, such as describing a new Python feature or a Python process. PEP 8 is an important document that includes the style guidelines for Python Code. Anyone who wishes to contribute to the Python open-source community must strictly abide by these style guidelines. Properties of PEP 8 include- Enhances readability  Improves consistency Describes the new features  Provides the guidelines to write a Python code. Q 27) Is indentation mandatory in Python? A 27) Yes, indentation is necessary for Python. Indentation helps specify a block of code. Thus, in a Python code, everything within loops, classes, functions, etc., is specified within an indented block. If your Python code isn’t indented correctly, there’ll be problems during the execution, and it will raise errors.  Importance of indentation in Python- Spaces at the beginning of the code line. Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code. Indentation of a code is for readability. Indentation is of high importance in Python. Indentation benefits- Increases code readability.  Errors can be avoided. Number of code lines can be reduced Structure the code. Make the code beautiful. Q 28) Explain the difference between Python arrays and lists. A 29) One of the most common Python interview question. In Python, both arrays and lists are used to store data. However, Arrays can only contain elements of the same data types, meaning the data types of an array should be homogeneous. Lists can contain elements of different data types, which means that the data types of lists can be heterogeneous. Lists consume much more memory than arrays.  Here’s an example: import array as arr My_Array=arr.array(‘i’,[1,2,3,4]) My_list=[1,’abc’,1.20] print(My_Array) print(My_list) Refer to the below-mentioned table for difference- Arrays List A thin wrapper on C arrays, Flexible and can hold arbitrary data. It should be first imported and then declared from other libraries. Part of Python’s syntax, no need for specific declaration. Store homogenous data. Store heterogeneous data. It cannot be resized.  It can be resized. Compact in size. Consumes more memory, lists are extendible. Q 29) What is __init__? A 29) In Python,__init__ is a method or constructor. It is automatically called to allocate memory when a new object or instance of a class is created. All classes have the __init__ method. Here’s how to use the __init__ method in Python: # class definition class Student:     def __init__(self, fname, lname, age, section):         self.firstname = fname         self.lastname = lname         self.age = age         self.section = section # creating a new object stu1 = Student(“Sara”, “Ansh”, 22, “A2”) Properties of _init_ method include; It is known as the constructor. It can be called when the object is created in the class. Required to initialise the attributes of the class. Required to make Python treat directories containing the file as packages.  Q 30) Explain the functionality of “break,” “continue,” and “pass.” A 30) It is one of the common questions in python interview questions and answers guide. Let’s see break, continue and pass in detail. The break statement is used for terminating a loop when a specific condition is met, and the control is transferred to the following statement. The continue statement helps to terminate the current iteration of the statement when a particular condition is met, skips the rest of the code in the current iteration, and passes the control to the next iteration of the loop. The pass statement is essentially a null operation that is used to fill up empty blocks of code that may execute during runtime but are yet to be written. It is represented by a semi-colon. Refer to the below-mentioned table to understand the functionality of break, continue and pass. Break Continue Pass Use of the ‘break’ keyword inside the loop structure. The ‘continue’ keyword can be used inside the loop structure. Can use the ‘pass’ keyword anywhere in Python, Terminates the loop structure it is embedded in. It skips only the current iteration of the loop structure.  It is used to write empty code blocks to meet Python syntax. Properties of ‘break’ in python include- It is a loop control statement. It is helpful to escape once the external condition is triggered.  Helps in gaining better control of the loop. Controls the sequence of the loop. Properties of ‘continue’ in python include- Passes the control to the next iteration.  Properties of ‘pass’ in python include- It is used as a placeholder for future records.  Useful for scaffolding while developing a code.  It is useful when the function’s implementation is not written; the implementation is needed in the future. Q 31) How to write comments in Python? A 31) In Python, comments start with a # character. However, sometimes, you can also write comments using docstrings(strings enclosed within triple quotes). Unlike C++, Python does not support multiline comments. Here’s how a comment is written in Python: >>> #line 1 of comment >>> #line 2 of comment Q 32) What are the generators in Python? A 32) Generators are most important python functions that return an iterable collection of items, one at a time, in an organized manner. Generally, generators are used to create iterators with a different approach – they use of yield keyword rather than return to return a generator object. Properties of generators in Python- It is used to create the iterator function.  Yield statement is used instead of the return statement.  It is also an interator. Simplifies the creation of iterators. Do not need to worry about the iterator protocol. Q 33) How can you capitalize the first letter of a string in Python? A 33) In Python, you can use the capitalize() method to capitalize the first letter of a string. However, if a string already consists of a capital letter at the beginning, it will return the original string. Q 34) What are “docstrings” in Python? A 34) Docstrings or documentation strings are multiline strings used to document a specific code segment. Docstrings usually come within triple quotes and should ideally describe what a function or method does. Although they are not comments, docstrings sometimes serve the purpose of comments since they are not assigned to any variable. Properties of ‘docstrings’ in Python- Convenient for associating documentation with Python.  Specified in the source code. Helps in understanding the capabilities of a module or function.  Describes the actual job of the function. They are put under triple quotation marks. Q 35) Explain the functions of “is,” “not,” and “in” operators? A 35) Again, one of the popular python interview questions. Operators are special functions in Python that can take one or more values to produce a corresponding result.  The “is” operator returns true when two operands are true. The “not” operator returns the inverse of the boolean value. The “in” operator checks if some element is present in some sequence. Properties of ‘is’, ‘not’ and ‘in’ operators include- is Check if two values are located on the same part of the memory. not Invert the truth value of boolean expressions and objects. in  Determines if the given value is a constituent element of a sequence. Q 36) How to copy an object in Python? A 36) In Python, the assignment statement (= operator) does not copy objects, but instead, it creates a binding between the existing object and the target variable name. Thus, if you wish to create copies of an object in Python, you need to use the copy module. There are two ways to create copies for a particular object using the copy module: Shallow copy – It is a bit-wise copy of an object. The copied object will have an exact replica of the values contained in the original object. If any of the values are references to other objects, only the reference addresses for the same will be copied. Deep copy — It copies all values recursively from source to target object, meaning, it will duplicate even the objects that are referenced by the source object. Properties of deep copy in Python- Constructs a new compound object. Creates a new object that stores the reference to the original elements.  Original and repetitive copies are stored.  Slower than shallow copy.  Stores the copy of object values.  Properties of shallow copy in Python- Copy of the original object is stored, only the reference address is finally copied.  Faster than deep copy. Changes made in the copied object also reflect in the original object. Stores the reference of the object in the main memory.  Q 37) What is an Expression? A37) An expression Can be defined as a combination of variables, values operators a call to functions. It is a sequence of operands or operators like a + B – 5 is called an expression. Python supports many such operators for combining data object into an express. Properties of expressions include- Consists the combination of operator and operands. Indicates that some sort of operation must be performed.  Supports many operators for combining data objects into expressions.  Q 38)What is a statement in Python? A38)It is an instruction that Python can interpret and execute when you type the statement in the command line Python execute and displays the result if there is one. Q 39)What is ==  in Python? A39)It is an operator which is used to check or compare the values  of two objects Q 40)What are the escape sequences in Python? A40) Python strings, the backslash “\” could be a special character, also called the “escape” character. it’s utilized in representing certain whitespace characters: “\t” may be a tab, “\n” could be a newline, and “\r” could be a printing operation. Conversely, prefixing a special character with “\” turns it into a standard character. Q 41)what is encapsulation? A41) Encapsulation is the binding of data and functions that manipulate the data. It is a process of wrapping up data and variables together. example class playercharacter(): def __init__(self,name,age): self.name = name self.age = age player1 = playercharacter(‘leo’,25) print(player1.name) print(player1.age) Q42) How do you do data abstraction in Python? A42) An abstraction means hiding away information or showing only information that’s necessary. Example print(len((1,2,3,1))) #in this example we dont want to learn how len was introduced in python Q43) What is a dictionary in pthon? A43) Dictionary is a data structure as well as a data type in python.It is enclosed in curly brackets{}. Dictionary contains 2 elements – key and value key is a string for us to grab a value. Example dictionary = { ‘a’: 1, ‘b’: 2 } print(dictionary[‘b’]) Q44) What are functions? A44) Functions are a set of code used when we want to run the same method for more than 1 time.It reduces the length of program.Functions are defined into 2 categories – 1)function defination 2)function calling Example def dog(): print(“my name is tommy”) dog(); Q45) What are the best python project ideas for the beginner level? Create a code generator –It takes text as input, substitutes each letter with another, and provides the “encoded” message as output. Create a web browser –One of the simplest python projects for beginners is building a simple UI that accepts URLs and loads the webpages. PyWt is useful for this project. iii. Create a countdown calculator –If you are looking for those python projects for beginners that can improve your coding skills, this project is useful. It involves writing code that can accept two dates as input and calculate the f time between them. Write a sorting method –For a given list, you can write code that sorts it numerically or alphabetically.  Q46) What are the best python project ideas for the intermediate level? Build a clock website –One of the interesting python project ideas for the intermediate level is building a clock website in real-time. It allows you to implement various time zone selectors, and implement the “countdown calculator” functionality to compute the duration. Make the Tic-Tac-Toe game clickable –It is one of the challenging python project ideas. It is a Tic-Tac-Toe version that has a UI you would use by clicking the open squares. iii. Scrape some data for analysis -The web is composed of interesting data. If you learn even a little about web-scraping, you can collect some unique datasets for use in your Python project. Q47) What are local variables and global variables in Python? When working on Python programming, many python project topics will involve local and global variables. The global variables are declared outside a function or in the global space. They can be accessed by any function within the program. The local variables are declared within a function. They exist in the local space. Local variable Global variable Declared inside a function  Declared outside a function Accessible within the function. Accessible by all the functions. Created when the function starts executing. Remains in existence for the entire program. Value cannot be changed. Value can be changed.   Q48) Which sorting technique is used by sort() and sorted() functions of python? The sorting technique is used in many python project topics. Tim Sort algorithm is used for sorting. It is a stable sorting, and its worst case is O(N log N). Moreover, it is a hybrid sorting algorithm created from insertion sort and merge sort. It is designed to efficiently perform on several types of real-world data.  Q49) Is Python a compiled language or an interpreted language? Python is a partially interpreted language and partially compiled language. Firstly, the compilation is done when the code executes and generates bytecode. This byte code gets internally converted by the python virtual machine(p.v.m) based on the underlying platform(machine+operating system).  Q50) What is the difference between xrange and range function? In Python, range() and xrange()functions are used to iterate a specific number of times in ‘for loops’. The range() function returns a list of numbers. The xrange() function returns the generator object that can display only numbers by looping. It displays only a particular range on demand and thus, it is known as lazy evaluation. The xrange() function is not found in Python 3. The range function works like xrange() in Python 2.  Q51) What is the zip function? In Python,  zip() function returns a zip object that maps multiple containers’ identical indexes. It accepts an iterable, transforms it into an iterator, and aggregates the elements depending on iterables passed. Furthermore, it returns an iterator of tuples.  Q52) How is Exceptional handling done in Python? Exceptional handling is extensively used in several python mini projects. Three blocks – try, except, and finally are used to catch the exceptions and accordingly manage the recovering mechanism. The try block contains codes that monitor errors. Except block executes when there is an error.  The final block executes the code after trying for the error. It is executed regardless of whether an error happened or not. All these blocks work together for exceptional handling in Python.  Q53) What are the limitations of Python? Before working on python mini projects, you must know its limitations. Here are its limitations. (i) It comes with design restrictions. (ii) It is ineffective for mobile computing. (iii) It is slower compared to C and C++ or Java. (iv) It includes an immature and primitive database access layer. (v) It is not suitable for memory-intensive tasks. (vi) The data types’ flexibility leads to high memory consumption. (vii) It depends on third-party libraries and frameworks. (viii) There are no pre-built Tests and Statistical Models. Q54) Do runtime errors exist in Python? Explain with an example. Yes, runtime errors are found in Python. For example, when you are duck typing and things appear like a duck, it is regarded as a duck, although it is merely a stamp or flag. In this case, the code has a run-time error. Another example is the Print “Hackr io” that shows the runtime error due to the missing parentheses in print ( ).  Q55) What is multithreading in Python? In Python, multithreading is the execution of two or more threads simultaneously. The program can be divided into multiple parts, and those parts execute concurrently to boost the performance, program speed, and memory space’s efficiency.  It is useful when threads don’t have a mutual dependency. Each thread is responsible for performing various tasks at once. Multithreading takes place so quickly that a user feels that threads are executing parallel. Properties of multithreading in Python- Ensures effective utilisation of computer science resources. Multithreaded applications are more responsive.  Enables efficient utilisation. Causes reduction in time consumption.  Increase performance.   Q56) What is inheritance in Python? Inheritance allows a class to get all members of another class. The members can be methods, attributes, or both. With reusability, inheritance streamlines an application’s development and maintenance. Four types of inheritance in Python are Single inheritance, Multi-Level inheritance, Hierarchical inheritance, and Multiple inheritance. Importance of inheritance in Python- Defines class that inherits all the methods and properties from another class.  Generates more dominant objects. Avoids duplicity and data redundancy.  Avoid space complexity and time complexity.  Q57) What is the Django Architechture?  One of the important Python viva questions, Django is a high-level web framework built in Python that allows rapid development of maintainable and secure websites. Its architecture consists of:  Model: the back end where the data is managed and stored.  Template: the front end of the webpage.  View: function which accepts the web requests and delivers the web responses.  Q58) What is the advantage of using a Numpy array over Nested lists?  This is one of the Python interview questions for experienced. There are several advantages of using numpy arrays over nested lists. Numpy arrays are faster and more compact than nested lists. Arrays consume less memory and are more convenient to use; since arrays can directly handle mathematical operations, unlike nested lists which cannot do that. Arrays also offer a mechanism for specifying the data types which allows the code to be optimized even further.  Q59) How to generate random numbers in Python?  Random numbers in Python can be generated in several ways such as:  Pseudorandom number generators: Pseudorandomness can be defined as a sample of numbers that seem close to random but are generated with a deterministic process. This generator is a mathematical function that generates a sequence of nearly random numbers. This program generates random numbers whenever called on.  Python standard library: This library offers a module called random which offers a suite of functions for generating random numbers.  Random integer values: Random integer values can be generated using the randint() function. It takes two arguments: the beginning and the end of the range.  This is the knowledge that experienced coders must have. This is one of the Python interview questions for 5 years experience. Q60) What is the pass statement in Python used for?  If you are looking for Python beginner questions and answers, this is one of the most asked ones. The pass statement in Python is used as a placeholder for future code. When the pass statement is added and executed, nothing happens. However, it will allow you to avoid the error when an empty code is not allowed. Q61) How to check if all the characters in a string are alphanumeric?  A character is called alphanumeric if either it is a number or an alphabet. The isalnum() method always returns True if all the characters are alphanumeric. And it will return false if it is not alphanumeric for example #!%*() etc.  For example:  Case 1:  s = ‘Hello2024’ print (s.isalnum()) Output: True  Case 2:  s = ‘Hello 2024’ print (s.isalnum()) Output: False; since is not an alphanumeric character.  This is one of the most important Python interview questions and answers. You might be tested on your coding skills during your interview.  Q62) How to merge elements in a sequence?  There are three kinds of sequences in Python:  Lists Tuples  Strings  Merging lists:  l1 = [5, 4, 3] l2 = [6, 7, 8]  merge_lists = l1 + l2  print (merged_lists) Output: [5, 4, 3, 6, 7, 8] Merging tuples:  t1 = (5, 4, 3) t2 = (6, 7, 8) merged_tuples = t1 + t2 print (merged_tuples)  Output: (5, 4, 3, 6, 7, 8) Merging strings:  s1 = up s2 = Grad  merged_strings = s1 + s2  print (merged_strings)  Output: upGrad Q63) How to remove all leading whitespaces in a string?  This is one of the most commonly asked Python interview questions. In Python, the strip() function is used for removing all whitespaces. Let us see an example to understand this better.  string = “HelloWorld@123” print (string.strip()) Output:  HelloWorld@123 Q64) What is the difference between Del and Remove() on lists in Python?  This is one of the important Python interview questions for experienced. The difference between Del and Remove() in Python is as follows:   Del  Remove()  It is a keyword in Python. It is a built-in method in Python. It works on an index. It works on the value. indexError is shown as the output if the index does not exist in the Python list. valueError is shown as the output if the value does not exist in the Python list. It is a simple deletion. It searches the list to find the item. It is used for deleting an element at a specific index number. It removes the first value matching from the Python list.   Let us see some examples to understand the difference: Case 1: deleting multiple elements from the Python list with the del keyword.  myList = [“Monday”, “Tuesday”, “Wednesday”, “Thursday”, “Friday”] print (“List = “,myList) del myList [2:5] print (“Updated List = \n”,myList) Output:  List = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’] Updated List = [‘Monday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’] Case 2: removing an element from a Python list with the remove() method.  myList = [“Monday”, “Tuesday”, “Wednesday”, “Thursday”, “Friday”] print (“List = “,myList) myList.remove(“Wednesday”) print (“Updated List = \n”,myList) Output:  List = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’] Updated List = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’] Q65) Are append() and extend() the same in Python?  Both of these are Python list methods for adding elements to a list. However, they do have some differences between them. Using append() we can add only a single element at the end of a list. Whereas, using the extend() method, we add multiple elements to a list. Let us see some examples to understand their applications. Case 1: using append() to add an element to the existing list.  myList = [‘how’, ‘are’] myList.append (‘you’) print (myList) Output: [‘how’, ‘are’, ‘you’] Case 2: using append() to add another list to the existing list.  myList = [‘how’, ‘are’, ‘you’] anotherList = [1, 2, 3, 4] myList.append (‘anotherList’) print (myList) Output: [‘how’, ‘are’, ‘you’, [1, 2, 3, 4]] Case 3: using extend() to extend a list into an existing list.  myList = [‘how’, ‘are’, ‘you’] anotherList = [1, 2, 3, 4] myList.append (‘anotherList’) print (myList) Output: [‘how’, ‘are’, ‘you’, 1, 2, 3, 4] This is one of the most asked top Python interview questions for experienced. Q66) How to use print() without the newline?  The print statement in Python outputs the text passed to it followed by a new line character. The new line character is represented using the ‘n’ string which moves the cursor to the next line after printing the text. If you want to keep the print on the same line, using two extra arguments can help you do the job. This is one of the crucial Python coding interview questions. Case 1: using the “end” argument  print (“Hello there!”, end=””) print (“How are you?”) Output: Hello there! How are you? Case 2: using the “sep” argument  print (“m”, “n”, “o’, sep=””) Output: mno Q67) Is Python a functional programming language or object-oriented? This is one of the favorite Python questions for interview. Both OOPs and FP paradigms are present in Python. Python follows the FP paradigm such as: Lamba functions which are features of the functional paradigm are supported by Python. Functions can be used as first-class objects. Python follows the object-oriented paradigm such as: With Python, objects can be created and manipulated with specific methods. Python supports most features of OOPs such as polymorphism and inheritance. Q68) Define *args and **kwargs in Python In Python, *args allows a function to accept n number of positional arguments also known as non-keyword arguments, and variable-length argument lists. Whereas, **kwargs serves as a special syntax that allows us to pass a variable length of keyword arguments to the function. Q69) Differentiate between matrices and arrays in Python.  If you are searching for Python programming interview questions, this is one of them. A matrix is a special case of two-dimensional arrays where every element is strictly of the same size. Matrix objects are a subclass of ndarray, hence they inherit all the attributes and methods of ndarrays. Arrays, on the other hand, are containers that can hold a fixed number of items. However, these items must be of the same kind. To work with arrays in Python, the NumPy library has to be imported. Q70) What is the difference between libraries and modules in Python?  If you are preparing Python questions for interview, you must know the difference between modules and libraries. Modules in Python are like standalone files that house specific components of codes such as variables and functions. On the other hand, libraries are vast collections of modules that have pre-built functions and tools tailored for specific tasks and domains. These libraries simplify the development process and also enhance the capability of Python with readily available solutions for different programming challenges. This is one of the basic Python interview questions for freshers. Conclusion We hope our Python Interview Questions and Answers guide is helpful. We will be updating the guide regularly to keep you updated. The above list of questions, paired with your own practice on the PC, will help you to crack any and every Python interview ever. Apart from the basics, the only thing left is to practice so that while the interviewer is asking you questions, your mind is already writing and executing the code with it.  If you are curious to learn more about data science, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s Executive PG Program in Data Science which is created for working professionals and offers 10+ case studies & projects, practical hands-on workshops, mentorship with industry experts, 1-on-1 with industry mentors, 400+ hours of learning and job assistance with top firms.

by Ashish Korukonda

10 Feb 2024

Blogs

6641

Role of a Tableau Developer Tableau Developer is a type of developer who will use the different types of data and represent it into visual form like pie chart, bar chart, etc. which is easily understandable by the end-user for decision making. This job is one of the most preferred jobs in the Business Intelligence Industry. The best part about operating Tableau as one of the top data science tools is that it doesn’t demand any programming or technical flair. The tableau developer should be able to understand the need of the business from the perspective of the client. Their main job is to derive insight from the data and help the company to enhance its processes using data visualization. An individual who wants to become a tableau developer should have an interest in problem-solving, being a team player, and finishing the work within the deadlines. The tableau developer has to understand the source of data and the format of data, clean the data, create it into a beautiful visualization with different parameters, actions, and filters. They also play the role of Tableau Admin for Server. They will help the business processes to improve by providing solutions in the form of visualized data. The Tableau developers will display data solutions that will include different tasks like production of BI views and reports, generation of dashboard reports, coordinating with the designers, and taking the feedback for system improvement. A tableau developer has to build some fantastic features in tableau tools like storytelling and forecasting, which can be used to predict and forecast using past information and data. Pursuing a Career as a Tableau Developer There are a huge demand and growth for a Tableau developer job in the Business Intelligence Industry, which is growing exponentially in the field of data visualization. Tableau developers are known to be Industry leaders in developing business intelligence tools for the ability and skills in executing the completeness of data as a visual. The skill of the tableau developer is required in many kinds of jobs, and they are among the best-salaried professionals in the Business Intelligence Industry. Tableau Interview Questions & Answers There is a high demand for this role in BI Industry, and the average salary of a tableau professional can be $106,000. The average salary of tableau developers is also increasing where the salary can go as high as $158,000, which is one of the best compensation in the industry. In India, an average data analyst with tableau skills earns Rs. 5 Lakh per annum. With more experience, the average salary goes around Rs. 8 – 10 Lakh per annum. Source Many top companies like Dell, KPMG, Verizon, Facebook, Bank of America, Sony Electronics, General Motors, etc. are looking for Talented Tableau Developers. To enhance their career as Tableau Developer, one can learn predictive modeling concepts, statistical models, python, R programming, cloud data stores, data extraction and loading, master data management concepts, database programming. An individual should be able to understand the analytics and BI very well for their remarkable growth in career. Tableau, as an analytical and visualization tool, is an excellent BI tool that is very high in demand in the market for its fantastic visualization capabilities. It is one of the most preferred Data Visualization Tool as it is effortless to learn and fast to implement. Explore our Popular Data Science Online Certifications Executive Post Graduate Programme in Data Science from IIITB Professional Certificate Program in Data Science for Business Decision Making Master of Science in Data Science from University of Arizona Advanced Certificate Programme in Data Science from IIITB Professional Certificate Program in Data Science and Business Analytics from University of Maryland Data Science Online Certifications A Tableau developer can be known by different names, such as Tableau Data Scientist, Tableau Data Artist, Tableau Discoverer, Tableau Data Analyst. Some other names for Tableau developer role can be Business Intelligence Manager, Business Intelligence Developer, Business Intelligence Analyst, Business Analyst, Information Analyst, Tableau Consultant, etc. How to become a tableau developer? In order to become a tableau developer, there are some data science skills that you must have: Top Data Science Skills You Should Learn SL. No Top Data Science Skills to Learn 1 Data Analysis Online Certification Inferential Statistics Online Certification 2 Hypothesis Testing Online Certification Logistic Regression Online Certification 3 Linear Regression Certification Linear Algebra for Analysis Online Certification Responsibilities of a Tableau Developer The responsibilities of a tableau developer will mainly depend on the type of business organization he is working for. But the most common type of tableau developer responsibilities are as follows: 1) Understanding the needs of clients A Tableau Developer should be able to think from the perspective of the client and what they exactly need. They should make some questions to themselves as to how the tableau dashboard will help clients in making their decisions. By adopting a client-focused approach, developers can ask pertinent questions to identify the specific requirements and challenges faced by clients. This perspective enables them to design Tableau dashboards that provide actionable insights, enabling clients to make informed decisions based on the data presented. Ultimately, this empathetic understanding ensures that the Tableau solutions developed align precisely with the clients’ objectives and enhance their decision-making processes. 2) Providing Technical Solutions The main goal of a tableau developer is to build a technical solution to solve the need for a business. An individual should be innovative in finding a solution and able to understand the requirement. Your creativity and problem-solving skills will be put to the test as you craft data visualizations that empower decision-making and drive business success. With your expertise in Tableau, you play a crucial role in transforming raw data into meaningful and impactful solutions for the organization’s growth and efficiency. 3) OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) Tableau Developer should be able to preserve the Data within the business organization using online analytical processing tools. OLAP allows you to analyze large volumes of data from multiple perspectives, enabling deeper insights and informed decision-making. By utilizing Tableau’s OLAP capabilities, you can create dynamic and interactive data visualizations that empower stakeholders to explore data effortlessly. 4) Testing of Tool Once the tool is built, a tableau developer is required to test the tool by conducting the unit tests and developing database queries to analyze the problems that may arise in the tool. After building the Tableau tool, a Tableau Developer needs to conduct rigorous testing. This involves performing thorough unit tests to ensure the tool’s functionalities work as intended. Additionally, you’ll develop database queries to analyze potential problems that may arise. By meticulously testing the tool, you can identify and address any issues, ensuring its accuracy and reliability. 5) Enhancement of System After the tool is built for a business organization, the improvement of the system should go on by evaluation. Based on the role of tableau developer, they are required to collaborate with all the teams in the organization to include new methods to design company workflow and process. After implementation, your focus shifts to continuous improvement and system enhancement. You’ll actively evaluate the tool’s performance, collaborating with various teams across the organization to gather feedback and identify areas for enhancement. By incorporating new methodologies and refining company workflows and processes, you ensure that the Tableau system evolves to meet changing business needs. Read our popular Data Science Articles Data Science Career Path: A Comprehensive Career Guide Data Science Career Growth: The Future of Work is here Why is Data Science Important? 8 Ways Data Science Brings Value to the Business Relevance of Data Science for Managers The Ultimate Data Science Cheat Sheet Every Data Scientists Should Have Top 6 Reasons Why You Should Become a Data Scientist A Day in the Life of Data Scientist: What do they do? Myth Busted: Data Science doesn’t need Coding Business Intelligence vs Data Science: What are the differences? 6) Documentation of Projects A Tableau developer has to document all the updates of the project. Doing this is for reference purposes to the colleagues and staff of the organization. By documenting all updates and changes made to the Tableau projects, you provide valuable references for colleagues and staff within the organization. Clear and comprehensive documentation ensures team members can easily understand the project’s evolution, facilitating seamless collaboration and knowledge-sharing. Additionally, well-documented projects enable smoother troubleshooting and maintenance, enhancing Tableau solutions’ overall efficiency and effectiveness in the organization’s data-driven decision-making process. 7) Tools Proficiency A Tableau Developer should be proficient with these tools also: Data Analysis Tools – OLAP, ETL Frameworks, SQL Language – SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS), SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) Excel – Basic Function of MS Excel is must be known upGrad’s Exclusive Data Science Webinar for you – Watch our Webinar on How to Build Digital & Data Mindset? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/webinar-on-building-digital-and-data-mindset.mp4   Skills Required to be a Tableau Developer Storytelling and Forecasting – One of the most critical skills as per the role of tableau developer is to be able to represent the data in such a way to predict and forecast the data using the historical and past data available for better decisions to be made by the clients. Creative & Innovative – A tableau developer must be innovative to find a solution to the problems that will help in improving the business processes. Sound Analytical Mind – A Tableau developer should be able to do the calculation over data partition because Tableau works on the principle of data-partition. Comfortable with Data – To become a pro at the role of tableau developer, one has to be comfortable with Data Blending, Data Partition, Data Set Theory, etc. to be a good tableau developer. Finding Best Way to Represent Data – A Tableau Developer should have a perfect sense of data visualization, which can be developed by a lot of training, errors, and trial. They should know which would be the best way to represent data to the client in the best possible manner to make them understand the data for easy decision making. Job Opportunities of Tableau Developer Data Analyst: Analyze and interpret data, create reports, and develop interactive dashboards using Tableau to aid data-driven decision-making. Business Intelligence Specialist: Design and implement Tableau solutions to help businesses gain deeper insights into their operations, performance, and trends. Data Visualization Expert: Utilize Tableau’s powerful visualization tools to transform complex data into compelling and intuitive visual representations. Dashboard Designer: Create user-friendly and visually appealing dashboards allowing stakeholders to easily explore data and identify patterns. Tableau Consultant: Offer expertise and guidance to businesses on using Tableau effectively, optimizing data workflows, and maximizing business value. Data Scientist: Combine Tableau with data science techniques to extract meaningful insights and support predictive analytics initiatives. Marketing Analyst: Employ Tableau to analyze marketing campaigns, customer behavior, and market trends, contributing to marketing strategy development. Financial Analyst: Utilize Tableau to analyze financial data, create financial reports, and aid in budgeting and forecasting processes. Future & Scope of Tableau Tableau has been named as a leader in data visualization and business intelligence market consecutively for 7 Years by Gartner Research. If one is thinking about pursuing their career as Tableau Developer, then they need not worry as the future of Tableau is very secure and bright. The main reason for the growth of Tableau is because of the amount of data being generated every year, and Tableau is the best tool to analyze the data and to derive actionable insights from it. In the last ten years, the world has generated 50 times of data than the previous decade. The salary for the Tableau developer is also quite high compared to its competitors. Professionals with Tableau skills can expect numerous opportunities and career growth in various sectors, including finance, healthcare, marketing, and more.To stay ahead in this dynamic field, Tableau  Developers should continuously update their skills and stay abreast of the tool’s latest features and updates. Embracing new data visualization trends and integrating Tableau with emerging technologies like AI and machine learning will further enhance their marketability and career prospects in the ever-evolving world of data analytics. Wrapping Up The Tableau Developer’s career opportunities and jobs have increased multiple times in the last few years as it is the quickest evolving business intelligence tool used for knowledge in visual mode and makes it one of the most desirable technologies to learn. Tableau is nowhere to go because it is used by all small, medium, and large business organizations and has a very active and thriving community behind this tool, which makes it the best evolving visual analytical tool ever. If you wish to master Tableau, check out upGrad Data Science Certification Courseswhich covers various concepts like Data Visualization, Statistics, Predictive Analytics using Python, Machine Learning, Big Data Analytics and more.

by Ashish Korukonda

23 Aug 2023

Blogs

6157

Java is one of the most popular and widely used programming languages out there. Thanks to its versatility and compatibility, Java finds applications in software development, mobile and desktop applications, large systems development, scientific supercomputers, game consoles, and several other instances. Of all the versions, Java 8 is extensively used for personal use and development. It contains new features, bug fixes, and enhancements for increased efficiency in developing and running Java programs.  In this Java 8 tutorial for beginners, we will discuss some fundamental concepts like architecture, components of the Java programming language, features, different types of Java platforms, and more. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition  Learn Online software development courses from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. What is Java? Java is an object-oriented, multi-platform, secure, and high-level programming language. The project was initiated in 1991 by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, and Mike Sheridan at Sun Microsystems. Initially, the project was called ‘Oak,’ named after an oak tree located outside Gosling’s office. It was then renamed ‘Green’ and finally ‘Java,’ after the Java coffee from Indonesia. The first public version of Java was released in 1995. Oracle owns Sun’s hardware and software product lines, including Java, after acquiring Sun Microsystems Inc. in 2010. Check out upGrad’s Java Bootcamp  Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Components of Java Next, in this Java learning tutorial, we’ll look at some of the key components of the Java platform. These components translate the source code (human-readable language) into machine language or executable code.  1. Java Development Kit (JDK) The Java Development Kit or JDK is a complete software development environment for making Java applications and applets. It includes Java Runtime Environment (JRE), compilers, and various tools such as Java debugger, JavaDoc, etc. JDK helps users code, compile, and run Java programs, and it can be used on macOS, Windows, Linux, and Solaris.  2. Java Runtime Environment (JRE) Java Runtime Environment is a part of JDK and contains JVM, class libraries, applets support, and browser plugins. JRE must be installed in the system if a user wants to run Java programs. Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN)  3. Java Virtual Machine (JVM) The Java Virtual Machine or JVM executes the bytecode generated by the compiler and translates it into machine language. The program compilation is done by the javac compiler included in the Java Development Kit (JDK). The compiler takes the java program as input and returns Java bytecode as the output. Although each operating system has a different JVM, their output after executing the bytecode is the same across all operating systems. Thus, we say that Java is a platform-independent programming language. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Features of Java A Java tutorial for beginners is incomplete without listing the main features of Java. These include: Java is a platform-independent programming language. The platform-independent nature of Java makes it portable. Thus, Java code written on one machine can run on other machines. Java is an Object-Oriented Programming language. Java is distributed. In other words, you can distribute Java programs across more than one system connected via the internet.  Java is a multithreaded language, meaning that it allows the simultaneous execution of two or more parts of a program for maximum CPU utilization.  Features like exception handling, garbage collection, and memory allocation make Java an extraordinarily robust and reliable language for the early detection of errors. Most importantly, Java is one of the easiest programming languages to learn! Different Types of Java Platforms The Java programming language has four platforms, each consisting of an application programming interface (API) and a JVM. The virtual machine and API allow the applications written for a particular platform to run on any compatible system. Following are the four Java platforms: 1. Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) The API of Java SE is packed with the core functionalities of the Java programming language. Apart from the core API, Java SE comprises a virtual machine, deployment technologies, development tools, and other toolkits and class libraries extensively used in Java applications. 2. Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) Built on top of the Java SE platform, Java EE contains the API and runtime environment for developing and running multi-tiered, scalable, reliable, secure, and large-scale network applications. 3. Java Platform, Micro Edition (ME) The Java ME offers an API and a small footprint virtual machine used to run Java applications on small devices such as mobile phones. It is a subset of the Java SE API and contains special class libraries to develop small device applications.  4. Java FX Written in the Java FX ScriptTM, Java FX offers a lightweight user-interface API for creating rich internet applications. Applications written for Java FX are often clients of Java EE platform services and can include and link to Java classes. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software Development Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   Types of Java Applications You can use Java to create primarily four types of applications. These are as follows: 1. Web Applications Web applications are the ones that run on the server-side and create a dynamic page. JSF, Hibernate, Spring, Struts, JSP, and Servlet are a few technologies currently used to develop web applications in Java. 2. Standalone Applications Also known as window-based or desktop applications, standalone applications are traditional software that must be installed on every machine, such as anti-virus and media players. In Java, Swing and AWT are used for creating standalone applications. 3. Mobile Applications These are applications created for mobile devices. Java ME provides a secure and flexible environment for developing applications targeted at mobile devices. 4. Enterprise Applications An enterprise application is distributed in nature, such as a banking application. It comes with benefits like load-balancing and high-level security. In Java, enterprise applications are created using the EJB APIs. Learn more about Java applications. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Java Program Example We will wrap up this Java tutorial for beginners with the classic “Hello World” program. But before executing any Java program, make sure the following requirements are fulfilled: 1. Download and install the JDK 2. Set the path of the jdk/bin directory The “Hello World” Java program is as follows: class Demo{       public static void main(String args[]){        System.out.println(“Hello World!”);       }   }   Output: Hello World! Upon compilation of the Java program using the javac tool, the compiler translates the source code into the byte code.  Parameters used in the Java example program The above program has several parameters such as class, static, public, void, etc. Let’s see what each means: The term class is a keyword for declaring a class in Java. The term public is an access modifier and indicates visibility. Public means it is visible to all. The keyword static is a way of declaring a method. A method that has been declared status does not need an object to be invoked. The JVM executes the main() method and eliminates the need for creating an object to invoke main(). The term void represents the return type of the method and means that the method doesn’t return any value. The term main marks the starting point of the program. String args[] is the array for the run time argument. System.out.println() is the print statement. Here, ‘System’ is a Java class, ‘out’ is an object of the PrintStream class, and ‘println’ is a method of the PrintStream class. In advanced Java learning tutorials, you will learn Java concepts like class, method, object, etc. This Java tutorial for beginners has been compiled keeping in mind those who are new to the Java programming language and need to understand its basic concepts. It offers a fundamental idea of what Java is, its components, features, the different Java platforms, and the various applications that can be built using Java. Last but not least, it offers a sneak peek into a beginner-level Java program to give readers a flavor of the programming language. The example program is accompanied by brief explanations of the various program parameters whose details will be clear in the advanced stages of Java learning. Tips for Programming in Java for Beginners Java is an extremely popular programming language among beginners. It enables programmers to write code and run it everywhere. If you need a Java tutorial for beginners, you must keep the following in mind: Be Careful with Strings Two strings in Java might be concatenated with the help of the + operator in a loop. It results in the creation of a new String Object. It leads to memory wastage and might increase performance time. Instead, you should also be settling for the StringBuffer.  Perform Unit and Integration Testing You can test the accuracy of source code behavior with the help of unit testing. These tests help you detect software bugs that might have occurred due to recent modifications in the source code.  You can opt for high code coverage to go ahead with feature implementation without too many manual tests. You can use technologies like TestNG, JUnit, Mockito, PowerMock, and AspectJ to accommodate unit and integration tests.  Choose Interface Over Abstract Class Java does not include too many inheritances. But the UI makes it easy to write a simple Java program for beginners with the help of multiple inheritances without using any extended keywords. If things are running beyond your plan, an interface will be necessary. But an abstract class lacks the liberty of multiple modes despite the abstract methods.  Prioritize Primitive Classes Primitive classes are usually faster than wrapper classes. The wrapper classes include information about the whole class. However, the primitive class only contains values.  The wrapper classes often have to look after object values. Therefore, you might not get the intended result by comparing wrapper classes with primitive classes.  Understand the Concept of Array and ArrayList One of the most valuable tips for programming in Java for beginners is to comprehend the difference between ArrayList and Array. Developers often find it challenging to decide whether to employ an ArrayList type or an Array-type data structure. Both of them come with individual characteristics that become beneficial in multiple situations.  Arrays come with a fixed size. But an ArrayList has different size variations. You can change the elements inside an ArrayList quite easily. But modifying elements inside an Array will be comparatively difficult.  Make Use of Build Tools While developing Java applications, you will be able to speed up the process with the help of build tools. Every Java developer needs to be familiar with tools like Maven, Gradle, and Ant. These tools can help you automatically perform manual tasks necessary for deployment. For instance, these tools will be able to help you with tasks like clearing caches, making file copies, and injecting properties.  Encode Using JSOM JSON is the syntax necessary for exchanging and storing data. It is an easier alternative to XML. You can encode a conventional data structure using JSON and share it on a website. It is becoming more popular due to its light properties and weight. But remember to install the JSON analyzer before writing your code.  Way Forward If you want to learn Java and earn a certification in cloud computing as well, upGrad offers an Advanced Certificate Programme in Cloud Computing. The 7.5-month online course is specifically designed for working professionals to help them gain entry into cloud computing roles. Course Highlights: Advanced certificate from IIIT Bangalore. 250+ hours of learning. In-depth coverage of relevant programming languages, tools, and libraries, including Java. 360-degree career assistance. Peer-to-peer learning and networking. Industry expert mentorship. Sign up today!

by Ashish Korukonda

25 Jun 2023

Blogs

32873

MongoDB, a standout database for its adaptability and big data management, has been named the best database system. In my journey as a full-stack developer, I’ve observed MongoDB’s pivotal role. Giants like Forbes and Toyota depend on it, showcasing its reliability. This adoption by over 31,000 companies highlights its importance, directly linked to the skyrocketing salaries for full-stack developers in India. My experience confirms that expertise in MongoDB not only opens many doors but also significantly boosts your value in the job market. Employers are in constant search for certified MongoDB professionals, making it a key reason behind the lucrative salaries in the field. This trend underscores MongoDB’s impact on operational growth and the rewarding career it promises for skilled developers in India. Keep scrolling to know about some of the MongoDB real world use cases. What is MongoDB? Before we look at some of the real-world cases or practical applications of MongoDB, it is pertinent to understand what is MongoDB. A lot of people feel that learning MongoDB is complicated. However, you can simply understand it as a database platform. Large-scale companies use MongoDB to store and manage essential information. It is an open-source documented database that allows programmers to store data in flexible forms. This means that One of the most significant advantages of MongoDB is that it is a distributed database. Features like horizontal scaling, geographic distribution, and high availability are already available in the database. MongoDB acts as a database server. It provides an environment where organizations can maintain several databases. However, one thing to note is that MongoDB is a schema-less database. It means there is no particular format in which we have to enter the data, and all documents are independent. MongoDB is more efficient in comparison to other programming languages like SQL. It facilitates storing nested data that can be used to store complex data patterns in the same documents. This makes it easier to fetch data and work on it. MongoDB caters to a wide range of industries like software and technology, media and entertainment, telecommunications, financial services, healthcare and medical, hospitality and travel, education, and energy utilities. Even government agencies have started using MongoDB to store and manage tons of data. Here are some popular MongoDB customers. Let us see how they are using MongoDB to scale their operations. Some Real-World Companies That Use MongoDB  1. eBay eBay is a multinational company that provides a platform for the customer to customer sales.  As an eCommerce platform, eBay has to deal with storing and managing huge amounts of customer data. Dealing with such a large volume of data can be a cumbersome task. However, MongoDB has helped streamline this task for eBay. The company uses MongoDB to make a search suggestion feature, making it easier for customers to find relevant products in less time. It is currently running a large number of projects in MongoDB like merchandising categorization, cloud management, metadata storage, search suggestions. 2. MetLife MetLife is a leading company in employee benefit programs, annuities, and insurance. There are more than 90 million customers in the Middle East, Europe, Aisa, Latin America, Japan, United States. MetLife is using MongoDB as a database engine for its advanced customer service application called The Wall. This application provides a combined view of transactions, policy details, and other details of MetLife Customers. It looks like Wall of Facebook, which takes data from 70 legacy systems and merges it into a single record. It stores 24 Terabytes of data and runs across six servers in two data centers. MetLife is working on a series of Big Data projects where MongoDB-based applications are part of it. MetLife wall, created with the help of MongoDB, allows the company to have a 360-degree view of their customers, their policy details and transactions. 3. Shutterfly Shutterfly is one of the most popular online photo sharing platforms, and it is using MongoDB to manage and store more than 6 billion images, which has a transaction rate of up to 10,000 operations per second. Shutterfly earlier used Oracle but later transitioned to MongoDB. Shutterfly company realized that moving to a non-relational database will help them to increase their scalability, performance, and productivity of the programmer. The company decided to adopt a document database approach because of the large volumes of data involved. Shutterfly did consider many other alternate database systems like BerkeleyDB, CouchDB, or Cassandra. The company has confirmed that they are pleased with their decision of transitioning from Oracle to MongoDB. There were two main reasons for this transition – MongoDB allows flexibility with Schema and facilitates horizontal scalability. Shutterfly is using MongoDB Atlas as its database application. The business is running multiple Atlas clusters and efficiently managing thousands of transactions every minute.  The company also used Mongomirror by MongoDB for quick data migration. Mongomirror is a tool that facilitates manual data migration from a MongoDB replica set to a MongoDB Atlas replica set. MongoDB helps the business scale effortlessly during the peak seasons and cope with customers’ demands 4. Aadhar It is India’s Unique Identification project, which has the biggest biometrics database in the world. Aadhar Project is using MongoDB as its database to store a massive amount of demographic and biometric data of more than 1.2 billion Indians. MongoDB is being used for the storage of images in the Aadhar project.  One of the major reasons why MongoDB was chosen to partner with the Aadhar project was that the database system facilitates capturing, processing, searching and analyzing a massive amount of unstructured datasets. Moreover, MongoDB is capable of storing large volumes of biometric data and images. Top Data Science Skills to Learn Top Data Science Skills to Learn 1 Data Analysis Course Inferential Statistics Courses 2 Hypothesis Testing Programs Logistic Regression Courses 3 Linear Regression Courses Linear Algebra for Analysis 5.  Electronic Arts (EA) EA is an online multiplayer game that is using MongoDB Database for its game called FIFA Online 3. It is one of the world’s best-selling video game franchises that caters to millions of players. This multiplayer game requires scalability to allow such a large number of players to use the platform. Since scalability is one of the most remarkable features of MongoDB, EA uses it to run multiple servers. EA currently uses over 250 MongoDB servers. MongoDB can easily handle complicated things that need synchronization with each other entirely. Vanta One of the major issues that businesses come across is managing their compliance and security. According to a study by GlobalScape, the average cost of non-compliance for businesses is 2.7 times the cost of various compliances. Non-compliance can cause business disruption, revenue losses, fines, penalties, and settlement costs. This is why it is crucial for businesses to adhere to compliances. Some of the most suggested ways in which organizations can reduce their compliance cost are by checking the security effectiveness score (SES) by using a well-known indexing method. Vanta, a leading company that provides automated security and compliance services uses MongoDB Atlas to provide efficient security and compliance services. MongoDB helped the business to model their data and access it in a flexible manner, enabled faster integration of new features, and reduced downtime. Its virtual private cloud (VPC) peering feature also allows businesses to securely communicate with database clusters. Our learners also read: Top Python Free Courses Read our popular Data Science Articles Data Science Career Path: A Comprehensive Career Guide Data Science Career Growth: The Future of Work is here Why is Data Science Important? 8 Ways Data Science Brings Value to the Business Relevance of Data Science for Managers The Ultimate Data Science Cheat Sheet Every Data Scientists Should Have Top 6 Reasons Why You Should Become a Data Scientist A Day in the Life of Data Scientist: What do they do? Myth Busted: Data Science doesn’t need Coding Business Intelligence vs Data Science: What are the differences? upGrad’s Exclusive Data Science Webinar for you – ODE Thought Leadership Presentation document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/ppt-by-ode-infinity.mp4 Practical MongoDB Use Cases Some documents are called MongoDB Use Case documents, which will help in introducing the operations used, designs, and patterns in MongoDB application development. Data Modeling Strategies and Application Design will be highlighted in these documents. If you are a beginner and would like to learn more, check out our digital marketing training from top universities.  It will also give some special attention to scaling, sharding, performance, and indexing. Three case studies will be described, which are: content management case studies, product data management case studies, and operational intelligence case studies. 1. Content Management Systems Fundamental of MongoDB approaches and practices are introduced in content management use cases, which would be done using familiar, simple examples and problems. The method for modeling user comments on content like media and blog spots are introduced by “Storing Comments”. A model is proposed for designing a website content management system by “Metadata and Asset Management” in MongoDB.  Hadoop Vs MongoDB 2. Product Data Management For e-commerce websites and product data management and solutions, one can use MongoDB to store information because it has the flexible schema well suited for the job. One can also manage a product catalog and learn the practices and methods for modeling from the Product Catalog document. They can also determine the pattern to handle interactions between user’s shopping carts and inventory using “Inventory Management.” MongoDB also has a report called “Category Hierarchy,” which will describe the techniques to do interaction with category hierarchies in MongoDB. 3. Operational Intelligence MongoDB is beneficial for real-time analytics and operational intelligence use. One can learn “Storing Log Data” Document to know about the approaches and several ways to store and model machine-generated data with MongoDB. They can also determine the Hierarchical Aggregation Method to store and process hierarchical reports from raw event data according to the minute, hour, or day.  Top MongoDB Usage 1. Mobility and Scaling MongoDB is very scalable and flexible, which gives fantastic database solutions to deal with different kinds of environments. The schemas of MongoDB will evolve over time, and in this way, mobile application developers can focus their time on developing better customer experience. This will help many companies to deal with varying structures of data that are coming from many different sources in the mobile application development world. MongoDB stands out in scaling and application mobility. As a full-stack developer, I’ve seen MongoDB’s ability to handle large datasets and seamlessly scale horizontally. Its sharding capabilities and flexible architecture make it a go-to choice for applications demanding scalability and mobility across various platforms.  2. Real-Time Data Integration There is a lot of value to data if it is consolidated and aggregated into one single view, and MongoDB plays a vital role in doing that. Due to the query capabilities and flexibility of MongoDB, now it is easier to aggregate data and create those tools which will make an organization more efficient. With the help of MongoDB, one can see aggregated data in a single view in real-time, which provides massive value to the companies. A developer can also take quick action on specific events and also monitor with the help of MongoDB 3.6. Top Data Science Skills to Learn Top Data Science Skills to Learn 1 Data Analysis Course Inferential Statistics Courses 2 Hypothesis Testing Programs Logistic Regression Courses 3 Linear Regression Courses Linear Algebra for Analysis 3. Product Catalog There are many attributes to products which are easily stored as an object using MongoDB and can be used to understand the customer better in the digital experience. Nowadays, the quality and volume of data are increasing and are being used to improve the interaction in product catalogs of customers. MongoDB has dynamic schema capability, which helps in bringing relevancy between attributes and product documents. It will provide a better experience for both customers and developers. 4.Product Data Management:   In my experience, MongoDB excels in Product Data Management, offering a robust solution for handling diverse product information. Its flexible document-oriented structure allows for efficient storage and retrieval of complex product data. MongoDB empowers businesses to organize, update, and retrieve product details seamlessly, making it an ideal choice for companies dealing with extensive product catalogs.  5.Customer Analytics:   In the realm of Customer Analytics, MongoDB proves invaluable. Its agile data model enables businesses to capture, analyze, and derive insights from customer data. MongoDB’s ability to handle unstructured data makes it adept at managing diverse customer information, providing businesses with a comprehensive view for data-driven decision-making.  6.Mainframe Offloading:   MongoDB is a game-changer in Mainframe Offloading. With its document-oriented approach, it simplifies the migration of mainframe data to modern, scalable architectures. MongoDB’s compatibility with cloud environments and ability to handle diverse data types make it an efficient choice for organizations seeking to offload mainframe workloads, enhancing performance and agility.  MongoDB Applications There are many MongoDB applications, and here they are: 1. Balanced Features  One can use MongoDB to get multiple balanced features. For example, that one wants to use some features like Queuing, Map/Reduce, FTS but don’t require it a lot, which is easily possible through MongoDB. 2. Consistency over Availability If one prefers consistency over availability, then he can get a specific version of Consistency in MongoDB applications. 3. Denormalizing the Data Re-denormalizing the data is tough to do and also very expensive. Also, you will not be able to change the shard keys when you are running MongoDB. The mix of Secondary indexes and Key/Value lookups If you want to use a blend of secondary indexes and key/value lookups, then you can use MongoDB. But you cannot use it for too many secondary indexes because it will start scaling poorly. 4. Data on Single Server One of the best features of MongoDB is that it was made intentionally sub-optimal to enable sharding on a single server. But you can use PostgreSQl, If the data fits on a single server comfortably. 5. Ideal for Querying If the rate of querying is very strong to the database, then Mongo is ideal to be used because it resembles a DWH cube in its basic data structure. 6. Ideal for Documented-oriented MongoDB is the right choice only when there are few relations, and one wants to scale it. It might not be suitable to use when there are too many relations, such as a social network. But it can be amazing to see as to how it will handle the document-oriented store. MongoDB is ideal for storing loads of documents that can be sorted by a tag or category. It stores records as documents in the form of compressed BSON files. We can directly retrieve these documents in the JSON format that can be easily read by humans. MongoDB, being a document-oriented database, enables storing both structured and unstructured data in the same document. 7. Polyglot Database System MongoDB has an excellent capability to pick up the best part of all the databases, which makes it even more amazing to use as large-scale systems that are not using only a single database. Conclusion The demand for NoSQL databases like MongoDB has gone up in the recent times. Here are some real-world use cases of MongoDB along with some companies that use MongoDB for their practical applications. We hope this article will help you understand MongoDB and it;s practical applications. If you are curious to learn about big data, data science, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s Executive PG Programme in Data Science which is created for working professionals and offers 10+ case studies & projects, practical hands-on workshops, mentorship with industry experts, 1-on-1 with industry mentors, 400+ hours of learning and job assistance with top firms.

by Ashish Korukonda

29 Sep 2022

Blogs

5236

A hike in web-driven services has led to the rise of cyber security to strengthen its clutches. The most basic computer programs such as data storage, networking, security, and remote computing are accessible on the web, leading the chances of the cyber threat to rise simultaneously. The only way to keep web experience as safe as possible for millions of people, reinforcing a robust force of cyber security professionals is the need of the hour.  While the tech and IT domains are drowning with eligible candidates and recruits, the cyber security sphere is yet to find ample brilliance through its candidates. Nevertheless, it is a leading career option that’s slowly gaining emergence among young professionals today.  As the domain gains popularity, it’s essential to acknowledge current opportunities and surf through a plethora of others to find our best options in this cyber security.  Learn Software engineering degree online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. What is Cyber Security? Cyber security is the defense line against web threats faced by devices, networks, servers, and data, from malicious sources. The cyber security industry strives to offer protection from various network vulnerabilities that may result in the disclosure of sensitive information stored on the web. As digitization has sped up through the years, breaking through these networks has become easier. Illegal entities or network disruption, any of these can be the lead cause of the cyber threat, and cyber security offers protection against all such malicious attacks. In addition, cyber security measures come to the rescue for instances such as phishing, data breach, unauthorized access to a network, or misdirected services. Importance of Cyber Security in the Current Age Digital literacy has become both a boon and curse for the generation as malicious entities use the same tools made for digital convenience to breach through unauthorized spaces and abuse available resources. 2021 saw a great rise in cybercrime percentage across the web as malicious activities increased to a whopping 600% globally. In a special report by CyberSecurity Ventures, cyber crimes through network vulnerabilities such as malware attacks, crypto-jacking, ransomware, and various others are prone to inflict global damage of $10.5 trillion annually by 2025. The need for cyber security is more than ever as the generation continues to rely on the internet for their diversified needs. Starting a career in cyber security is likely to provide better working opportunities for young minds as a fresh, challenging, and lucrative career domain.  Starting a career in Cyber Security Starting a career in cyber security requires a candidate to own certain educational eligibility criterions essential to understand the intricacies of web and cyber security. Although a degree is not necessary to seek a career in the domain, it offers the upper hand to any candidate seeking the desired position. Here are some of the essentials you must follow to start a career in cyber security. Educational background A candidate must have a strong educational background backed by degrees relevant to the discipline. A Bachelor in cyber security or any IT discipline is essential to kickstart your career. These degrees will offer a strong foundation for your career. Master’s in the same discipline may even increase your chances of getting better opportunities. Most cyber security experts at least hold an undergraduate degree to gain experience and basic knowledge of the subject.  Certifications Specialized certifications are on a roll these days. Many IT professionals from different fields seek a career in cyber security but lack the right skills. This is where cyber security certification courses can be resourceful. Industry certifications are an excellent way to quickly learn the cyber security workings followed by industry-specific measures. Learners can also gain proficiency in specialized subjects they find interesting.  Experience Cyber security is a challenging job that requires candidates to deal with sensitive information and diverse technical skills. A recruiter can only gauge your ability to put the mentioned skillset to use by going through the experience column. Enroll in training, join boot camps, participate in competitions and internships to strengthen your resume. Experienced candidates are more likely to bag positions than fresh graduates. Career Opportunities in Cyber Security Cyber security is a vast field with endless possibilities for candidates to explore, aim, and achieve work profiles relevant to their interests. According to a report, 3.5 million cyber security jobs are expected to be opened by 2025, which opens the pathway for millions of candidates to seek out their best job opportunities. Here are a few of the many career opportunities available in the cyber security market to claim.  Information Security Analyst: Information security analysts are responsible for planning out security measures for an organization’s computer systems. They analyze trends, networks, and systems to install security systems such as firewalls for better protection. Security Architect: Security architects plan and build an organization’s security framework to protect it from different network vulnerabilities by creating, implementing, and managing the security system.    Ethical Hacker: An ethical hacker or white hacker is a cyber security professional who tests and penetrates networks and computer systems to check security measures. These hackers are recruited by organizations who wish to know the irregularities in their system.    Forensic Analyst: Forensic analysts assist criminal cases by assessing the digital evidence or running digital tests. They find and recover lost data or any type of information relevant to the case. Moreover, cyber security forensic analysts inspect instances such as cyber-attacks or data breaches.   Network Security Engineer: A network security engineer runs necessary tests on the computer systems to find any possible bugs and look for potential vulnerabilities. Testing and configuring software and hardware is one of the most common ways they can help to keep up with an organization’s system and secure it.  Skills Required to Become Cyber Security Professional Every position requires candidates to have proficiency in skills relevant to their job description. Cyber security also requires candidates to have specific skills, which are necessary for the post. Here are some of them: Logical reasoning Strong Technical Base Research Skills Analytical thinking Customer-service skills Team player Soft skills such as leadership, problem-solving ability, management skills, and presentation skills While these skills are necessary to step into the world of cyber security, another thing that learners can gain to kick start their career in cyber security is an upGrad certification! Master of Science in Computer Science is an excellent program offered by upGrad for computer science professionals to elevate their undergraduate degree to masters with an industry-ready course. Liverpool John Moores University offers learners a program to gain efficiency in specializations such as Cloud Computing, Full Stack Development, and Cyber Security. The program runs across 85+ nations to deliver excellence in the form of the most sought-after skillset. Conclusion Starting a career in cyber security is bound to serve you a thrilling job profile. Owning the right educational qualifications and skills will ensure that you bag an esteemed position and the right way to start preparing for it by searching your options. Surf through the vast world of cyber security to learn more about opportunities and various resources readily available online to catalyze your job-winning strategy.  

by Ashish Korukonda

24 Jan 2022

Blogs

6167

If you are preparing for a job interview requiring skills in MongoDB, this article is going to be your one-stop-shop. Here you can learn about the definition of aggregation, sharding and splitting of the MongoDB, the procedure of creation of MongoDB schema, applications of MongoDB, the MongoDB structure in detail and many more. So let’s read the Top MongoDB Interview Questions and Answers. Most Popular MongoDB Interview Questions and Answers: What points should be considered by one in the creation of a MongoDB schema? In the process of MongoDB schema creation, One should take care of the following points: Perform complex aggregate in the schema of MongoDB Optimization of MongoDB schema for most frequent use cases Not on read but on write do join Keep the objects separate into different documents if it is not used together. If the objects are used together, then merge the objects into one document. User requirement should be in mind while designing the MongoDB schema. What is the disadvantage in the MongoDB 32-bit versions? The main disadvantage in the MongoDB 32-bit versions is the storage size. It is only limited to 2 GB storage sizes including the indexes and data when the 32-bit version of MongoDB is run. Therefore, production deployments are not possible on a 32-bit build of MongoDB. Learn Software Development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. To deploy production, 64-bit builds strongly recommended as there is no limit to the size of storage virtually. Which language was used to develop MongoDB? MongoDB was developed using C++. But many client libraries and drivers are using other languages. C Extensions are also used in some cases to improve the performance of drivers. What is the type of MongoDB Database? MongoDB is a type of Database which is Document-oriented DBMS. It is similar to MySQL, which comprises the data model. MongoDB does not support transactions and Joins. Fully-consistent reads, atomic writes on the per-document level, an expressive query language, secondary indexes are some of the features of MongoDB Database. Automated range-based partitioning is used for built-in horizontal scaling, and with automatic failover, master-slave replication is offered by MongoDB. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript What are the benefits of MongoDB? MongoDB is used in content management, real-time personalization, product catalogues, and mobile applications. It is handy in deployments of multi-datacenter and requirements of extensive scalability. MongoDB is beneficial for application where polymorphic data, semi-structured data, and unstructured data are used. In these cases, relational databases are not a good fit. Ease of operation is excellent in MongoDB It can scale which is not possible with relational databases. For 60% to 80% of applications built today, MongoDB is a good fit for them MongoDB can easily store primary data in real-time for operational uses. What is the disadvantage of MongoDB? Some applications might not be a good fit for MongoDB, which requires scan-oriented and complex transaction applications using large data subsets. SQL and Relational data model applications cannot use MongoDB as a suitable replacement. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses What is the difference between MySQL and MongoDB? There are lots of differences in Normalization, speed performance, schema definition, and design, data querying, transaction, relationships and data representation of MySQL and MongoDB. MongoDB and MySQL are entirely different types of databases because one is a relational database, and the other is non-relational databases. What kind of DBMS is Mongo DB? Document-Oriented DBMS is the kind of MongoDB. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses What is the definition of the NoSQL Database? NoSQL Database is the type of database that can sort and handle all kinds of complicated data, messy and unstructured data. The full form of NoSQL is “Not Only SQL”. It can solve the problem of significant users and big data in this age of heavy internet use. The traditional database management system cannot be used to bring a solution for Big Data processing at this age. Is MongoDB a NoSQL Database? Yes, MongoDB is a NoSQL database. ” upGrad’s Exclusive Software Development Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 ”   What is the utilization of MongoDB? Real-time analytics is possible in MongoDB High-speed logging is the feature of MongoDB With MongoDB, High scalability is possible It can be easily used with relational database management system applications. Read more about MongoDB real world use cases. What is MongoDB? MongoDB is a database that is document-oriented and used on cross-platform. It is classified as a NoSQL and is one of the most popular NoSQL database systems. It is better than the traditional table-based relational database structure. It favours JSON-like documents with dynamic schemas. A software company called 10gen developed MongoDB in 2007 as a service product. Now this company has changed its name to MongoDB Inc. It is adopted as backed software for many services and websites after the developer company of MongoDB shifted it to an open-source development model. Some companies that chose MongoDB as backend software are the New York Times, Viacom, SourceForge, Foursquare, eBay, Craigslist and many more. Define the use of the save() method? The method of replacing an existing document with a new document is called save() method. MongoDB data is stored in which format? Collections are used to store data in MongoDB. It does not use tables to store data. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? What is MongoDB Splitting? The background process of keeping the chunks from becoming too large is called Splitting. What is MapReduce? To process large quantities of data, a generic multi-phase data aggregation modality is used called MapReduce. What is Aggregation Pipeline? The framework, which is to perform aggregation tasks for the transformation of documents into aggregated results, is called the aggregation pipeline. What is Auditing? It is the capability of verifying the implementation of security policies to control the activities in the system. Explain the usage of dot notation in MongoDB? Fields of an embedded document and elements of an array are accessed by using dot notation in MongoDB. How to restore the backup, and what is the command for it? The backup can be restored by using a command called mongorestore. Describe the skip() method syntax ? >db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().limit(NUMBER).skip(NUMBER) – This is syntax of skip() method. How to update a document into a collection? There is a method to update a document into the collection, and those are save() method and update(). Explain the usage of the DB command? The use of the DB command gives the name of the selected database. Describe a MongoDB Collection? A group of documents in MongoDB is called a collection. How is the backup of the database taken? The backup of the database is taken by a command called mongodump command. Explain the syntax that is used for sorting documents? >db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().sort({KEY:1}) is the sort() method syntax Explain the syntax that is used for limiting the records in database ? >db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().limit(NUMBER) is the limit() method syntax Why limit() method is used? Records in the database can be limited by using the limit() method. What is MongoDB Projection? Necessary data in a document is selected by using MongoDB Projection without selecting the whole data of a report. How is a document removed from the collection? There is a method to remove the document from a collection, and that method is called remove() method. Why is the pretty() method used? The results are shown in a formatted way by using the pretty() method. What is the command to drop a database? The command that is used to drop a database is called db.dropDatabse(). How to create a database, and what is the command for it? The database can be created by using a command, and that command is called Database_Name command. Explain about the Sharded cluster components? There are three components in the sharded cluster, and they are Config Servers, Query routers, and Shards. What is Horizontal Scaling? Data is distributed, and datasets are divided over many shards or servers by using Horizontal Scaling. Define Vertical Scaling? Increasing capacity by the addition of more resources of storage and CPU is called Vertical Scaling. Define Replica set oplog? The recording of the data modification operations in the replica set is called oplog records. How is an index created? An Index is created by using a method called createIndex() method. Define Encryption of Storage? Encrypting to ensure the protection of data through authorized processes on the operating system or the storage of MongoDB is called Storage encryption. What is an application-level Encryption? Encryption within the application layer on a per-document basis and per-field basis is provided by application-level encryption. Define Embedded Documents? Storage of related data to capture the relationship between data in the structure of a single document is called embedded documents. Explain the purpose of Replication? The data availability is increased by redundancy, and it is achieved through Replication. Which type of data is stored by MongoDB? The storage of data is done in the form of documents. The formats include value pairs and JSON-like field in the MongoDB. Difference between MongoDB and Hadoop Why is the Profiler used? The characteristics of performance are shown against the database by using Profiler. What are secondary Replica sets? The datasets of secondaries reflect the dataset of primary by applying the datasets’ operations and replicating the oplog of the primary replica set. This is called Secondary Replica Sets. What is Primary Replica Set? The primary Replica accepts all the write operations from clients. How to see a connection? db_adminCommand (“connPoolStats”) is the command that is used to see a connection. Why is Journaling in MongoDB used? Safe Backups are taken by using the Journaling in MongoDB. Why is the GridFS in MongoDB used? The retrieval and storage of large files such as video files, image file, audio file and many more are done by using GridFS. How to insert a document in MongoDB and what command to use? There is a command to insert the document in MongoDB, and that command is database.collection.insert (document) Why is Index in MongoDB used for? Indexes provide high-performance read operations in MongoDB for frequently used queries. What is Replication? The process of synchronization of Data across different servers is called Replication. In MongoDB, What is the syntax to drop the collection? In MongoDB, db.collection.drop() is the syntax used to drop the collection. How to create a collection in MongoDB? A collection can be created by using a syntax and that syntax is dp.createCollection(name,options) In MongoDB, What is Namespace? In MongoDB, Concatenation of the name of the database and collection name is called Namespace. In MongoDB, Define Aggregation? Operations of processing the records of data and returning computed results are called aggregations in MongoDB. Define Sharding? Storing of Data on different machines is called sharding in MongoDB. Define CRUD? CRUD is an operation in MongoDB that provides Create Read Update Delete Define the key features of MongoDB? The three features that are main in MongoDB are: High availability High performance Automatic scaling Does an object attribute gets deleted from the database when it is removed? Yes, An object attribute is deleted from the database when it is removed. One should always save the object again after the object attribute is eliminated. Conclusion So here are the most frequently asked MongoDB interview question. We ish you all the very best and hope this article will help you to crack your interview. If you are interested to know more about Big Data, check out our Advanced Certificate Programme in Big Data from IIIT Bangalore. Check our other Software Engineering Courses at upGrad.

by Ashish Korukonda

09 Jan 2021