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How to Implement Data Abstraction in Java?

How to Implement Data Abstraction in Java?

Updated on 29 September, 2022

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• 7 min read

Table of Contents

What is Data Abstraction?
What are Abstract Classes?
What are Abstract Methods?
Advantages of Data Abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming
When do we use abstract class or abstract methods?
Conclusion

Abstraction, polymorphism, encapsulation, and inheritance are the four basic elements of object-oriented programming. One of them, Data Abstraction, will be discussed in detail in the following article. We will also learn how to perform data abstraction in Java.

What is Data Abstraction?

Data abstraction is the characteristic feature where just the most important details are shown to the user. The user is kept unaware of the trivial or non-essential details. For example, an automobile is considered as a whole rather than its distinct parts. The practice of identifying only the needed attributes of an item while discarding the extraneous information is known as data abstraction.

In simple terms, data abstraction displays important items to the user while keeping insignificant elements hidden.

We use the keyword “abstract” to implement abstraction with the help of classes and interfaces. We can have both abstract and concrete methods in abstract classes.

What are Abstract Classes?

In Object-Oriented Programming, an abstract class is a class that declares one or more abstract methods. The sole distinction between abstract and regular Java classes is that abstract classes contain the abstract keyword, whereas regular Java classes do not. For the declaration of an abstract class, we use the abstract keyword before its class name. There can be both abstract and concrete methods in classes. However, abstract methods can’t be present in regular classes. A class with at least one abstract method is referred to as an abstract class.

Its syntax is:

public abstract class Name_of_Class  

{  

public abstract Name_of_Method();  

}  

 

An example of implementing abstract class is: 

 

//abstract class naming

abstract class DemoClass  

{  

//abstract method naming

abstract void disp();  

}  

//proceeding with the abstract class  

public class MainClass extends DemoClass  

{  

//defining the abstract class’s method body

void display()  

{  

System.out.println(“Abstract method called.”);  

}  

public static void main(String[] args)  

{    

MainClass obj = new MainClass ();  

//invoking abstract method  

obj.display();  

}  

}

To list pointwise:

A class must be defined as abstract if it has at least one abstract method.
A class that has been declared abstract cannot be instantiated.
You must inherit an abstract class from another class and supply implementations for its abstract methods to utilise it.
You must supply implementations for all abstract methods in an abstract class if you inherit it.

What are Abstract Methods?

An abstract method has only the method declaration and no implementation. An abstract method can be represented by a method without a body of its own. Abstract methods must be declared exclusively within abstract classes.

If you want a class to have a method but the actual implementation of that method to be determined by child classes, designate the method as an abstract in the parent class.

Advantages of Data Abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming

In Object-Oriented Programming, abstraction reduces the complexity of the programme design and the process of its implementation on software.
The foremost advantage of implementing abstraction in Java programming is that users can then easily organise classes based on similarities, such as siblings, and therefore, inheritance of data and migration of data becomes easy and feasible.
Inheritance is possible. For example:

/* File name : DemoAbstract.java */

public class DemoAbstract {
   public static void main(String [] args) {
      /* the following cannot be written and initiate errors */
      employee e = new employee(“Peter D.”, “Hartford, CT”, 35);
      System.out.println(“\n Use Employee reference and call MailCheck–“);
      e.mailCheck();
   }
}

This shows the following error:

Employee.java:46: Employee is abstract; cannot be instantiated

      employee e = new employee(“Peter D.”, “Hartford, CT”, 35);
                   ^
1 error

So we use the abstract class usage as:

/* File name : employee.java */
public abstract class employee {
   private String N;
   private String Add;
   private int Num;

   public Employee(String N, String Add, int Num) {
      System.out.println(“Constructing an employee”);
      this.name = N;
      this.address = Add;
      this.number = Num;
   }
   
   public double compute_pay() {
     System.out.println(“Inside employee compute_pay”);
     return 0.0;
   }
   
   public void Mailcheck() {
      System.out.println(“Mailing a check to ” + this.name + ” ” + this.address);
   }

   public String toString() {
      return N + ” ” + Add + ” ” + N;
   }

   public String getName() {
      return N;
   }
 
   public String getAddress() {
      return Add;
   }
   
   public void setAddress(String newAddress) {
      Add = newAddress;
   }
 
   public int getNumber() {
      return Num;
   }
}

When do we use abstract class or abstract methods?

When we consider the general example of “shapes”, we may imagine it being used in reference to a computer-aided design system or for a video game simulation. The fundamental type referred to here is a “shape,” with every shape having its own color attributes, size, etc. Specific classes of shapes-circle, square, triangle, etc., are derived (inherited) from this, each of which may have extra unique properties and behaviors. Certain shapes, for example, can be symmetrical, while others are not. Both the similarities and distinct differences between the shapes are embodied in the type hierarchy.

Therefore, shape can be analogous to an abstract class, while the different types of shapes can be denoted as concrete classes.

Here is a real-life scenario to explain abstract classes:

// Java program to demonstrate Abstraction

abstract class shape {

String colour;

abstract double area();

public abstract String toString();

// abstract class can have the constructor

public shape(String colour)
{
System.out.println(“Shape constructor called”);
this.colour = colour;
}

// this is a concrete method
public String getColour() { return colour; }
}
class Circle extends shape {
double r;

public Circle(String colour, double(r)
{

// calling Shape constructor
super(colour);
System.out.println(“Circle constructor called”);
this.r = r;
}

@Override double area()
{
return Math.PI * Math.pow(r, 2);
}

@Override public String toString()
{
return “Circle color is ” + super.getColor()
+ “and area is : ” + area();
}
}
class Rectangle extends shape {

double length;
double width;

public Rectangle(String colour, double length,
double width)
{
// calling Shape constructor
super(colour);
System.out.println(“Rectangle constructor called”);
this.length = length;
this.width = width;
}

@Override double area() { return length * width; }

@Override public String toString()
{
return “Rectangle colour is ” + super.getcolor()
+ “and area is : ” + area();
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Shape s1 = new Circle(“Red”, 2.2);
Shape s2 = new Rectangle(“Yellow”, 2, 4);

System.out.println(s1.toString());
System.out.println(s2.toString());
}
}

This segment of code is a modified version of the one here.

A code snippet of a program where data abstraction in Java is used:

 // Abstraction in Java
abstract class ElecBill
{
    //abstract method
    abstract float compBill();
}

class Comm extends ElecBill
{
    
    float compBill() {
        return 1.00*100;
    }
}
class Domestic extends ElecBill
{
    float compBill() {
        return 0.50*75;
    }
}

Conclusion

Data abstraction is an important aspect of object-oriented programming. For languages like Java, abstraction and other OOP concepts like inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism play a crucial role in writing efficient programs.

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1. What is polymorphism? How is it different from data abstraction?

Polymorphism is a generalization, similar to data abstraction, but it occurs at runtime. If there is a mechanism to access a collection of distinct object types in which they are indistinguishable from one another, they are polymorphic. So, even if they are not identical, all of the objects within have the same appearance and feel. The goal is to drastically decrease coding. Instead of writing all of the numerous permutations for each individual type, you can write one universal solution.

2. What are the differences between Encapsulation and Data Abstraction?

ENCAPSULATION - 1. Encapsulation hides data (information), whereas abstraction hides details (implementation hiding). 2. Object-Oriented Programming's abstraction solves problems at the design level. 3. For security purposes, encapsulation implies hiding the internal information or mechanics of how an object performs something. ABSTRACTION - 1. While encapsulation binds together data and methods that operate on it, data abstraction is concerned with exposing the user interface while obscuring implementation details. 2. It is solved at the implementation level through encapsulation. 3. In Java, data abstraction allows you to concentrate on what the information object must include.

3. What are the distinguishing features between interface and abstract class?

Interface - 1. Only abstract methods find themselves to be a part of the interface. 2. Multiple inheritances are supported. 3. It is unable to offer the abstract class's implementation. 4. Only public abstract methods are allowed in an interface. 5. Only one public static final variable can be used in the interface. Abstract class - 1. Abstract, as well as non-abstract methods, can be found in an abstract class. 2. Multiple inheritances are not supported. 3. It is capable of implementing the interface. 4. Protected and abstract public methods are both possible in an abstract class. 5. With any access specifier, an abstract class can have final, static, or static final variables.

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The Code is well organized as it uses components hence improves productivity A directive is a dynamic function that handles variables, if statements, and loops in HTML Angular is cross-platform hence it is independent of the browser and the operating system Angular CLI comes with testing tools that are helpful for unit testing Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition Learn Software engineering courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. AngularJS – A precursor to Angular AngularJS was the first product in the Angular series introduced by Google in 2009. It is a client-side or a front-end framework. What this means is that the code runs on the user’s browser and not on the web server. AngularJS was written purely in Javascript. 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The component class contains the core logic for the page. ” upGrad’s Exclusive Software Development Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 ” Components are made up of: Template: A template is written in HTML or they can be HTML files. It can have dynamic properties like variables and use of ‘if conditions’ is possible with directives. Class: Is the code for the application. The code is written in Typescript. Typescript is a superset of Javascript. Typescript is a ‘static’ type language where variables are declared with types defined. Hence errors are caught on the compilation of the program rather than being caught at runtime. Angular classes can be written in Javascript too. Components have data properties and methods. Metadata: To identify that the class is an Angular component one uses Metadata. Metadata can be attached to Typescript using a decorator declaration. Let us walk through a simple component in Angular. Import {component} from ‘’@angular/core’’ ; Here the component package is imported from Angular core library. @component ({ (this is a decorator declaration) Selector : ‘myapplication’ …(.this is the custom HTML tag that we use to insert the component. ) Template: ‘<h1> Hello {(name)}</h1> (name is a variable) }) export class AppComponent{ (This is the component class and ‘name’ is a property in the class) name = ‘ Angular framework’; } <body> <myapplication>Loading a sample app component here..</myapplication> </body> Data binding: A process that allows communication between the component and the view. So data is passed from the component to the view and vice-versa. There are four types of data binding. In Interpolation and property binding the data is sent from the component to the view and in event binding, the data is sent to the component from the view or the template. In two-way binding, the data travels both ways. Service: This is a class that is written for reusable code, i.e. code that can be accessed from multiple components. These classes send data and functionality across components. Service classes can also get data from a database or a js/JSON file. When one uses a Service class, the code looks organized and fragmented. Directive: Customizing HTML attributes to extend the power of HTML is a directive. ngIf, ngFor, ngModel are directives. ngModel is responsible for, binding the view into the model, which other directives such as input, textarea or Select require. Here is a piece of code that shows how ngmodel works. <div ng-app=”” ng-init=”firstName=’John'”> <p>Input a name in the input box:</p> <p>Name: <input type=”text” ng-model=”firstName”></p> <p>You wrote: {{ firstName }}</p> </div> Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses So, firstName was initialized to ‘John’ and when one enters a new value in the text box, firstName will hold the new name entered.Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN) Dependency injection (DI): Classes need objects to perform a particular function. Instead of creating the objects each time in the class, the class receives the objects(dependencies) from external sources. In the DI framework following are the steps that need to be followed: Create a Service Class eg. Employeedata Register this service class with the Injector. An Injector is a container that holds all the dependency classes Declare the Employeedata class as a dependency in the class that needs it eg. EmployeeList Class What Does A Software Developer Do? Versions of Angular After AngularJS, Angular 2 was released which was a complete rewrite of AngularJS. Components got added from Angular 2. Angular 2 was not backwards compatible. Angular is made up of a bunch of packages and the Router package in Angular 3 was not in sync. Hence the Angular team moved on to Angular 4 which was released with all corrections and features with backward compatibility to Angular 2. Subsequently Angular 5, Angular 6 was released and the latest version now is Angular 7. What’s new in Angular 7.0? CLI Prompts: A change in the Angular command line prompt is that the CLI prompts the user, to select the features while running the common commands. Features like Angular routing or the format of the style-sheet and many more can be selected by the user. In the previous versions of Angular one had to remember and type the options on the prompt. Application Performance : Common errors: In this version, the angular team analyzed and removed some common mistakes made by the developers like the ‘reflect-metadata’ polyfill was included in production which is actually needed only in development. Bundle-Budgets: To improve the performance of the application, default Bundle Budgets are defined in angular.JSON. The developers will now be warned if the application bundle size exceeds a limit of 5MB and when the initial bundle exceeds 2MB. These values can be modified in the JSON file as needed. Angular Material & the CDK: The Angular component development kit(CDK) was created from the Angular Material(UI for libraries).The two new features added in the CDK are Virtual Scrolling: To load only the visible part on the screen, the <cdk-virtual-scroll-viewport> package provides helpers for directives that react to scroll events. So, it will render only the items that can fit on the screen. When a user scrolls through the list then the DOM will load and unload the elements dynamically based on the display size. Drag and Drop support: The @angular/cdk/drag-drop module helps free drag and drop feature of an element, reordering items in a list, moving items in a list and so on. This is done with the help of cdkDropList and cdkDrag directives. Angular 7.0 has updated its dependencies to support Typescript 3.1, RxJS 6.3 and Node 10. Improved accessibility of Selects: The native ’select’ has some performance, accessibility, and usability advantages hence using a native select element inside a ‘mat-form-field’ is a new feature in Angular 7.0. Angular elements: A small change but new in Angular 7 “Angular Elements now supports content projection using web standards for custom elements.” — This is what Stephen Fluin, Angular says. Working with partners: The Angular team has been working to partner with community projects that have been launched recently one of them is Angular Console. Angular Console is a user interface for Angular CLI. It is good for beginners and experts as it is a lot easier than prompts. There are different UI versions for Windows and Mac OS. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses A Beginner’s Guide to MVC Architecture in Java Most of the changes in Angular 7.0 are on performance improvements and bug fixing. Hence, it is the safest version to date and migrating from earlier versions is simple. Ivy is the new upcoming rendering engine that the Angular team is working on. Till then, let us wait and watch. Keep Learning! Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? If you’re interested to learn more about full stack software development, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Programme in Software Development – Specialization in Full Stack Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.

by Saurabh Hooda

28 Dec'18

35.45K+

IntelliJ IDEA vs. Eclipse: The Holy War!

Batman vs. Superman, Marvel vs. DC, Windows vs. Linux, Java vs. C#, are a few examples of some eternal wars. One such battle is IntelliJ IDEA vs. Eclipse – the selection of the best Integrated Development Environment – affectionately known as the IDE. There are many IDEs in the market today for Java development – the likes of Netbeans, DrJava, and of course Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA are just to name a few. These IDEs ease the workflow of a developer by providing them with a complete and integrated environment. The support of various plugins coupled with the ability to handle large projects seamlessly makes the IDEs an irreplaceable tool in any developer’s toolkit. Learn Software development courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Today we’ll be looking at two such IDEs in depth, and taking them head to head. We’ll look at how Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA compete against each other in terms of the features they offer. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Eclipse IDE Eclipse is by far the most commonly used IDE by budding as well as experienced developers. It is supported by a large community of developers, great documentation to get you up and running, and the best part – the support of thousands of plugins to make your experience even better. Eclipse is mainly used for developing web, mobile, desktop, enterprise, or embedded system applications. It can be used open-source under Eclipse public license. Eclipse is written mostly in Java and runs seamlessly on the three major operating systems – Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. Although well known for Java programming, it also supports various other languages including Groovy, Scala, and Python. Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Cloud Computing Eclipse is capable of opening multiple projects in the same window thereby giving you control over dependencies and relations. However, regarding user experience and the ease of code completion and inspection, Eclipse falls short despite having many plugins, especially checkstyle. If you’re a rookie programmer, you’d appreciate an auto-complete feature that can show the list of the most relevant symbols applicable in your context. Eclipse falls short on that. Just for argument’s sake, we can use this point in favour of Eclipse saying it offers a better learning curve, but at the end of the day, it’s really about how easy it is to get your application up and running. Having said that, Eclipse is and will continue to be, widely used all over the globe. Let’s take a look at some of its features that keep it going despite the limitations. A Beginner’s Guide to MVC Architecture in Java Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Blockchain Salient Features of Eclipse Mylyn: Mylyn is a subsystem of eclipse for task management. The advantages of Mylyn are quite well known, but you won’t appreciate them till you use it and see them for yourself. Mylyn helps developers track their tasks in a task list view – without having to open a browser. Mylyn provides an easy way of keeping track of all the files related to your current work. Software Updates: Eclipse provides frequent and regular software updates. The ability to simply update your IDE from the console itself without worrying about dependencies, or unzipping a zipped file makes a developer’s life easier. Everything is managed through this simple dialogue: Enterprise Java Tooling: Eclipse has the best tooling to offer for JEE projects. It offers an outstanding amount of functionalities – from wizards for Web Service creation, XML editing, to excellent JSF and JPA tooling. In essence, it’s a very simple feature but is very useful. The ability to control and deploy the server of your choice is commendable. Also, if your server isn’t on the list, you’ll likely find a plug-in to support your server. Model Driven Development: The Eclipse Modelling Project offers a set of modelling tools for those using EMF or related techniques for modelling. The Ecore Tools that are used to work with the EMF models allow you to create and modify your ecore using a standard tree, or through the visual Ecore diagram editor (see below). 15 Must-Know Spring MVC Interview Questions IntelliJ IDEA IDE IntelliJ IDEA is a fully featured IDE developed by JetBrains. JetBrains is an established company and famous for the Resharper plugin for Visual Studio that is beneficial for C# development. The IntelliJ IDEA comes in two editions – Free community edition and an Ultimate edition. The free community edition of IntelliJ IDEA offers the basic features useful for developing Android and Java applications. Google’s official Android development platform – Android Studio, is also based on IntelliJ IDEA’s free community edition. This IDE supports many languages from Java, Kotlin, Scala, Android, Mercurial, Groovy, Gradle, Git, SVN, SBT, and CVS and also offers basics (yet essential) features like code completion, deep static analysis, intelligent refactorings, debugger, test runner, etc. The Ultimate Edition, on the other hand, has the most advanced set of features for developing web and desktop applications. Some of the additional features of the Ultimate Edition Supports the integration of Spring framework. Supports web app scripting languages like JavaScript, CoffeeScript, TypeScript, and many more. Supports web development framework like Node.js, Angular, and React Java EE support such as JSF, JAX-RS, JPA, CDI, etc Eclipse falls short in providing good assistance for code completion despite supporting many plugins. The default code compilation in IntelliJ is much faster and better, especially if you’re a newbie programmer – IntelliJ can help you improve your code. One of them is Smart Completion which provides you with the list of the most relevant symbols applicable in your current context. This as well as other completions constantly learn from your coding practices and moves your most frequently used packages and classes to the top of the list, so that you can select the right option faster. Another such feature is Chain completion which is even smarter than the Smart Completion. It lists all the applicable symbols by making use of getters or methods which makes it even faster. There are many other out-of-the-box features too which make IntelliJ IDEA a truly intelligent IDE What is Test-driven Development: A Newbie’s Guide Features which make IntelliJ IDEA a truly intelligent Version Control: IntelliJ IDEA offers the developers with a unified interface for most of the version control systems. Git, SVN, Mercurial, CVS, and Perforce are just to name a few. This single interface lets you browse the history of changes, manage branches, and merge conflicts. Build Tools: This IDE supports all the major build tools like Gradle, Maven, Gant, SBT, NPM, Grunt, Gulp, and more. These tools eventually help automate compiling, packaging, running tests, deploying, and other activities. Application Servers: It supports major application servers like TomCat, JBoss, WebSphere, Glassfish, and many more. It allows you to deploy your code onto the application servers and debug the deployed code from the IDE itself. Indexing: IntelliJ indexes the entire project when you first start it up. That way, it doesn’t need to search for files every time you need a resource (unlike Eclipse). This significantly speeds up the search process. Polyglot Support: As we’ve said earlier, IntelliJ IDEA supports many JVM and non-JVM frameworks and languages out of the box. Frameworks and languages like AngularJS, React, JavaScript, TypeScript, Scala, SQL are just a few examples of the wide array of languages supported by IntelliJ IDEA. All these features make IntelliJ IDEA a clear winner when it comes to usability and user experience. However, it falls short on the number of plugins offered. Compared to 1,276 plugins offered by Eclipse, IntelliJ only offers ~700 plugins. But, this shouldn’t be a dealbreaker as IntelliJ offers a lot of new and improved features out of the box, without needing any plugin – unlike Eclipse. How to Become a Full Stack Developer upGrad’s Exclusive Software Development Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 In Conclusion… If you’re a beginner in the field of Java development, your choice should be IntelliJ IDEA – thanks to the various beginner-friendly features it has to offer. However, if you’re looking to work on large and complex projects, and have a fair bit of expertise in Java programming, you can opt for Eclipse instead. Like with every other debate, at the end of the day it’s all a matter of preferences, but there’s no way you can ignore IntelliJ IDEA. If you’re interested to learn more about full stack software development, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Programme in Software Development – Specialization in Full Stack Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.

by Arjun Mathur

10 Jun'19

17.76K+

Python Projects for Beginners – List of 7

Learning a new language – whether it is for speaking to humans or to computers – is always a mixture of fun and challenge. Mastery is not an easy road to travel and that is why little wins along the way are so necessary for boosting self-confidence and making you preserve. The same can be achieved through projects that have a specific aim and allow you to put your new-found knowledge into practice. When learning a coding language like Python, these projects become all the more crucial as they help you firm your grip on a vast language that you will keep refining your entire life. So, where do you begin? As a beginner, which projects do you pick up that is not overwhelming but are challenging and rewarding at the same time? Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Learn Software Development online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. The answer? Whatever you pick from the list below. What’s the number? Concepts needed: print, while loop, if/else statements, random function, input/ output This is a guessing game that the user plays with the program/computer. The program generates a random number using the random function. The user tries to guess it by inputting a value. The program then indicates whether the guess is right or not. If it is wrong, then the program should tell how off the guess was. If it is right, there should be another positive indicator. You can place a limit on the number of guesses allowed. You will also need functions to compare the inputted number with the guessed number, to compute the difference between the two, and to check whether an actual number was inputted or not. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Spin a yarn Concepts needed: strings, concatenation, variables, print. Things get more interesting here since strings are infinitely more complex to play with at the beginning. The program first prompts the user to enter a series of inputs. These can be an adjective, a preposition, a proper noun, etc. Once all the inputs are in place, they are placed in a premade story template using concatenation. In the end, the full story is printed out to read some misintended madness! Check out upGrad’s Java Bootcamp What’s the word? Concepts needed: strings, variables, random function, variables, input/ output Similar to ‘What’s the Number?’, this name focuses on the user having to guess the randomly generated word. You can create a list from which the word would have to be guessed and also set a cap on the number of guesses allowed. After this, you can create the rules yourself! When the user inputs the word, you can indicate whether the alphabet written appears in this particular position or not. You will need a function to check if the user is inputting alphabets or numbers and to display error messages appropriately. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN) Rock, paper, scissors Concepts needed: random function, print, input/ output, variables If you are tired of having no playmate, then a 5-minute stint of rock, paper, scissors with the computer and designed by you, yourself will improve your mood. We again use the random function here. You make a move first and then the program makes one. To indicate the move, you can either use a single alphabet or input an entire string. A function will have to be set up to check the validity of the move. Using another function, the winner of that round is decided. You can then either give an option of playing again or decide a pre-determined number of moves in advance. A scorekeeping function will also have to be created which will return the winner at the end. Compute, calculate Concepts needed: functions, input/ output, variables, This project involves building a simple calculator that can perform mathematical functions (which you decide). You can start with the basic BODMAS, and then progress to logarithms and exponents. You’ll have to keep tabs on what the user is entering and get the answer to print at the end. Whether the values in the middle of the calculation keep showing up is up to you. upGrad’s Exclusive Software Development Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 Leap it! Concepts needed: functions, input/ output, boolean, print In this program, you input a year and check whether it is a leap year or not. For this, you’ll have to create a function that recognizes the pattern of leap years and can try fitting the inputted year into the pattern. In the end, you can print the result using a boolean expression. Find out, Fibonacci! Concepts needed: functions, input/output, boolean, print You input a number and the function created checks whether the number belongs to the Fibonacci sequence or not. The underlying workings are similar to the above ‘Leap it!’ program. One common theme in all the above projects is that they will help you to get your basics right. You will be the developer and the bug fixer. Not to mention, you’ll be closing working with creating and implementing a variety of functions along with working with variables, strings, integers, operators, etc. Just like 2 + 2 is the building block of your mathematics knowledge, so are these concepts, and learning about them in a fun way through building projects will help to understand and retain them more. If you are interested to become a software engineer, check out M.Sc. in Computer Science by upGrad, IIIT Bangalore, and Liverpool John Moores University which is designed for working professionals and provide 30+ projects & assignments, IIIT-B & LJMU Alumni status, 6 unique specializations, more than 500 hours of rigorous training & job placement assistance with top firms. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses

by Ashish Korukonda

29 Aug'19