Complete Guide to Life Cycle of Angular Components Hooks (With Code)

Angular remains a leading framework for building dynamic web applications, and its demand in the job market continues to grow. If you’re into web development, learning Angular can open up great career opportunities. One way to do this is to understand the life cycle of Angular components' hooks.

Angular hooks are a specific set of phases during a component’s lifecycle. They help you control how components behave, update, and clean up in an application. Hooks like ngOnInit, ngOnChanges, and ngOnDestroy let you handle changes seamlessly and avoid performance issues. Knowing when and how to use them can take your coding skills to the next level.

Companies value developers who understand when to fetch data and how to clean up resources, all skills directly tied to lifecycle hook expertise. In this guide, we will break down Angular component lifecycle hooks in a simple way. Whether you are just starting or want to sharpen your skills, this will help you build better Angular applications. Let’s get started!

Overview of Angular Component Lifecycle

Angular is a powerful framework for building dynamic web applications that rely heavily on components. These components aren't just static pieces of UI; they have a lifecycle, a series of stages from start to end. Exploring this lifecycle is necessary for any Angular developer who wants to write efficient and maintainable code. Let’s understand the Angular component lifecycle and why it matters.

What is the Angular Component Lifecycle?

Every Angular component has a lifecycle, a series of stages that mark its existence. This lifecycle encompasses everything from the component's creation and initialization to its rendering on the screen and eventual destruction. Angular provides hooks, called lifecycle hooks, that allow you to access these key moments and execute custom logic.

Why is the Lifecycle Important?

The life cycle of Angular components is crucial because it directly affects how your app performs and stays stable. It's about making sure everything runs smoothly from start to finish. Here are the key reasons why you should leverage the life cycle of Angular components hooks:

• Optimize App Performance: Strategically using hooks like ngOnChanges and ngDoCheck, you can fine-tune how your component reacts to data changes, preventing unnecessary updates and boosting performance.
• Handle API Calls: Lifecycle hooks are excellent places to manage data fetching. For instance, you might use ngOnInit to initiate an API (Application Programming Interface) call when a component is first created.
• Clean-Up Resources: Prevent memory leaks by cleaning up resources when a component is no longer needed. The ngOnDestroy hook is the perfect place to unsubscribe from observables or release allocated memory.

Additionally, using the life cycle of Angular components hooks for change detection and content projection, you can effectively manage communication and interaction between parent and child components.

Lifecycle Hook Execution Order

Angular executes lifecycle hooks in a specific order, creating a predictable flow for managing your components. Knowing this order allows you to place your code for optimal results strategically. Here's a step-by-step breakdown:

• Component Creation (Constructor): The constructor is the first code that runs when a component is created. Use it for basic setup and dependency injection, keeping it free from heavy logic.
• Setting Input Properties (ngOnChanges): If the component has input properties (data passed from a parent component), ngOnChanges is called whenever those input properties change. You receive a SimpleChanges object detailing the previous and current values.
• Component Initialization (ngOnInit): This hook is called once after Angular has initialized the component's input properties. This is commonplace to perform the initial setup, such as fetching data or setting up subscriptions.
• Change Detection Cycle Starts (ngDoCheck): This hook allows you to implement your custom change detection logic. It's called during every change detection cycle, so use it carefully to avoid performance issues.
• Projecting Content (ngAfterContentInit): If your component uses content projection (displaying content from a parent component using <ng-content>), ngAfterContentInit is called after the content has been projected.
• Content Change Detection (ngAfterContentChecked): Called after every check of the content projected into the component. This lets you respond to changes in the projected content.
• View Initialization (ngAfterViewInit): This hook is called after the component's view (and the views of its child components) have been fully initialized. You can access the component's DOM (Document Object Model) elements here.
• View Change Detection (ngAfterViewChecked): Called after every check of the component's view (and the views of its child components).
• Component Destruction (ngOnDestroy): This is the final hook, called just before Angular destroys the component. This is where you should clean up resources to prevent memory leaks, such as unsubscribing from observables or clearing timers.

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Key Lifecycle Methods and Their Purposes

Angular components have a distinct lifecycle, moving through stages from initialization to destruction. These stages play an important role in effective component management. Lifecycle methods, also known as hook events, allow developers to tap into specific moments in a component's life. These Angular hooks provide control, enabling you to execute custom logic at various phases of the application. 

Let's explore some important methods for the life cycle of Angular components and how you can utilize them to enhance your Angular applications:

1. constructor() – Initializing the Component

The constructor() in Angular is the first method called when a component is instantiated. While it is not technically a lifecycle hook, it plays a vital role in initializing the component class and setting up its dependencies. Here’s a detailed explanation:

Properties

• Dependency Injection:

The constructor() is primarily used for injecting services and dependencies into the component. Angular's dependency injection system automatically provides instances of services that are required by the component.

• Class Initialization:

It initializes class-level variables and sets up the basic structure of the component. However, it should not contain logic that depends on Angular bindings or the DOM, as these are not yet initialized.

Example Code: Using constructor() for Dependency Injection:

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { DataService } from './data.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-example',
  template: '<p>{{ message }}</p>',
})
export class ExampleComponent {
  message: string;

  constructor(private dataService: DataService) {
    console.log('Constructor called');
    this.message = 'Component Initialized';
  }
}

2. ngOnChanges – Handling Input Property Changes

The ngOnChanges lifecycle hook is your go-to for responding to changes in a component's @Input() properties. This method triggers every time an input property's value changes, allowing you to react dynamically to new data. By implementing ngOnChanges, you can execute custom logic based on these changes, ensuring your component stays up-to-date and behaves as expected.

Properties

• Components with Inputs: This method is particularly useful for components that receive data through @Input() bindings. If your component doesn't have any input properties, ngOnChanges will not be triggered.
• Invocation on Input Change: The method is automatically invoked by Angular whenever any of the input properties bound to your component change.
• SimpleChanges Object: The method receives a SimpleChanges object, which is a map of each changed property. This object lets you inspect the previous and current values of the input property, allowing you to implement logic based on how the data has changed.

Example Code: Detecting Property Changes in ngOnChanges

This example logs changes to @Input() properties whenever they are updated.

import { Component, Input, OnChanges, SimpleChanges } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-example',
  template: '<p>{{ data }}</p>',
})
export class ExampleComponent implements OnChanges {
  @Input() data: string;
  @Input() count: number;

  ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) {
    for (let prop in changes) {
      console.log(`Property ${prop} changed:`);
      console.log('Previous:', changes[prop].previousValue);
      console.log('Current:', changes[prop].currentValue);
    }
  }
}

In this example, the ngOnChanges method iterates (repeat) through the changes object, logging the previous and current values of each changed property. This allows you to track how your input properties are evolving and react accordingly.

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3. ngOnInit – Initializing Component Data

The ngOnInit lifecycle hook is triggered once after the ngOnChanges method is first called. It is the perfect place to perform initial setup tasks for your component, such as fetching data from an API (Application Programming Interface), initializing variables, or setting up subscriptions. Consider ngOnInit your component's "ready" signal, giving you the opportunity to prepare everything before the full component rendering.

Properties

• Component Initialization: This is where you initialize the data your component needs. Whether it's fetching data or setting initial values, ngOnInit is your starting point.
• Input Values Available: The method is called after the input properties of the component have been set, ensuring you can access and utilize those values during initialization.
• Single Execution: Unlike ngOnChanges, ngOnInit is only executed once during the component's lifetime. This is why it's ideal for tasks that only need to be performed once.
• Angular CLI (Command Line Interface) Default: Angular CLI automatically adds this hook to all generated components, highlighting its role in the Angular development workflow.

Example Code: Fetching Data on Initialization

This example shows how to log a message when the component initializes. It can be extended to fetch API data or set initial values.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-sample',
  template: '<p>Component Loaded</p>',
})
export class SampleComponent implements OnInit {
  ngOnInit() {
    console.log('Component Initialized');
    // Fetch API data or initialize variables
  }
}

In this simple example, ngOnInit logs a message to the console, indicating that the component has been initialized. You can replace this with more complex logic, such as making an API call or setting up a subscription.

4. ngDoCheck – Custom Change Detection

Sometimes, Angular's built-in change detection might not catch every change in your component's data, especially when dealing with complex objects or external data sources. That's where ngDoCheck comes in. This lifecycle hook lets you implement your custom change detection logic, giving you complete control over when and how your component updates. You can use this to optimize performance by only triggering updates when necessary.

Properties

• Manual Control: With ngDoCheck, you have complete control over change detection. You decide what constitutes a change and how the component should react.
• Performance Optimization: By implementing custom logic, you can avoid unnecessary updates, leading to improved application performance.
• Complex Data Handling: It is particularly useful when working with complex data structures or external data sources that Angular might not track automatically.

Example Code: Tracking Changes in ngDoCheck

This example logs a message every time Angular performs a change detection cycle, which can be useful for debugging.

import { Component, DoCheck } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-check',
  template: '<p>Change Detection Running</p>',
})
export class CheckComponent implements DoCheck {
  ngDoCheck() {
    console.log('Change detection triggered');
    // Custom logic for tracking changes
  }
}

In this example, the ngDoCheck method is called every time Angular detects a change. You can add your custom logic inside this method to track specific changes and react accordingly. For instance, you might compare an object's current value with its previous value and update the component only if a difference is detected.

5. ngAfterContentInit – Detecting Projected Content

The ngAfterContentInit hook is called after Angular projects external content into the component. This means that any content placed within the component's <ng-content> tags has been processed and rendered. Use this hook to perform any initialization logic that depends on the projected content being available.

Properties

• Access to Projected Content: This hook provides access to the projected content, allowing you to manipulate it or extract information from it.
• One-Time Initialization: It is called only once after the content is projected, making it ideal for one-time initialization tasks.
• Content-Aware Logic: You can use it to execute logic that depends on the specific content being projected into the component.

Example Code: Detecting Projected Content

This example logs the text of the projected content after it is inserted.

import { Component, AfterContentInit, ContentChild, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-content',
  template: '<ng-content></ng-content>',
})
export class ContentComponent implements AfterContentInit {
  @ContentChild('projectedContent') content: ElementRef;

  ngAfterContentInit() {
    console.log('Projected content:', this.content.nativeElement.textContent);
  }
}

In this example, @ContentChild is used to inject a reference to an element with the template reference variable projectedContent from the projected content. The ngAfterContentInit hook then logs the text content of this element to the console, demonstrating how you can access and manipulate projected content within your component.

6. ngAfterContentChecked – Detecting Content Projection Changes

The ngAfterContentChecked hook is invoked after Angular checks the content projected into the component via <ng-content>. This hook is called after ngAfterContentInit, and every subsequent time the content is checked. You might use this hook to respond to changes in the projected content, ensuring that your component adapts dynamically to its inputs.

Properties

• Called After Content Is Checked: The ngAfterContentChecked hook is triggered both after the initial content projection and during every change detection cycle. This allows you to keep your component in sync with any modifications to the projected content.
• Use for Dynamic Adjustments: You can use this hook to perform actions based on the state of the projected content, such as updating internal component properties or triggering other lifecycle events.
• Avoid Heavy Operations: Since this hook is called frequently, avoid performing computationally intensive tasks within it to prevent performance issues.

Example Code: Checking Projected Content Updates

This example logs a message every time the projected content is checked.

import { Component, AfterContentChecked } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-content-check',
  template: '<ng-content></ng-content>',
})
export class ContentCheckComponent implements AfterContentChecked {
  ngAfterContentChecked() {
    console.log('Projected content checked');
  }
}

In this example, ngAfterContentChecked logs a message to the console every time the projected content is checked. This can be useful for debugging in coding or for triggering other actions based on changes to the projected content.

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7. ngAfterViewInit – Handling View Initialization

The ngAfterViewInit hook is called after Angular has fully initialized the component's view and its child views. This is the ideal place to access and manipulate the component's Document Object Model (DOM) elements, as they are guaranteed to be available at this stage. Use this hook to set up event listeners, initialize third-party libraries that interact with the DOM, or perform other view-related tasks.

Properties

• Called Only Once: Unlike other hooks that might be called multiple times, ngAfterViewInit runs only once after the view has been fully initialized.
• Access to DOM Elements: Within this hook, you can safely access and manipulate the component's DOM elements using the ViewChild or ViewChildren decorators.
• Ensure View Elements Are Fully Rendered: This hook ensures that all view-related elements and child components are fully rendered before you start working with them. This prevents errors that might occur if you access elements that have not been fully initialized yet.

Example Code: Accessing View Elements in ngAfterViewInit

This example demonstrates how to access an element within the component's template after the view is initialized.

import { Component, AfterViewInit, ViewChild, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-view',
  template: '<p #viewContent>View Content</p>',
})
export class ViewComponent implements AfterViewInit {
  @ViewChild('viewContent') view: ElementRef;

  ngAfterViewInit() {
    console.log('View initialized:', this.view.nativeElement.textContent);
  }
}

In this example, ngAfterViewInit accesses the viewContent paragraph element using the @ViewChild decorator. It then logs the text content of the element to the console, confirming that the view has been fully initialized.

8. ngAfterViewChecked – Updating View Elements

The ngAfterViewChecked hook is triggered after Angular checks the component's view and the views of its child components. This hook ensures that any changes made to the view are reflected in the component. You might use this to perform custom view-related logic after Angular's change detection runs, allowing you to react to updates in your templates.

Properties 

• Trigger Timing: This hook is called after every execution of Angular's change detection cycle. This means it runs frequently, so it's important to keep your logic inside ngAfterViewChecked lightweight to avoid performance bottlenecks.
• Caution: Avoid modifying component properties within ngAfterViewChecked in a way that triggers another change detection cycle. This can lead to an infinite loop and severely impact performance.

Example Code: Checking View Updates

This example logs a message whenever the component's view is checked for updates.

import { Component, AfterViewChecked } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-view-check',
  template: '<p>View Component</p>',
})
export class ViewCheckComponent implements AfterViewChecked {
  ngAfterViewChecked() {
    console.log('View checked');
  }
}

In the example above, ngAfterViewChecked logs a message to the console each time the view is checked. You could use this hook to adjust the size or position of an element based on its rendered dimensions.

9. ngOnDestroy – Cleaning Up Resources 

The ngOnDestroy hook is called just before Angular destroys the component. It's your chance to clean up any resources the component is using to prevent memory leaks and maintain a smooth user experience. This is the ideal place to unsubscribe from observables, detach event listeners, and release any other resources held by the component.

Properties

• Resource Management: This hook is primarily used for releasing resources the component holds during its lifecycle. This includes unsubscribing from observables, clearing intervals, and freeing memory.
• Preventing Memory Leaks: Properly cleaning up resources in ngOnDestroy helps prevent memory leaks that can degrade application performance over time. This is especially useful in long-running applications.
• Observable Unsubscription: It’s important to unsubscribe from observables in this hook. If you don't, the observable may continue to emit values even after the component is destroyed, leading to errors and memory leaks.

Example Code: Unsubscribing from Observables in ngOnDestroy

This example shows how to clean up a subscription before the component is removed from the DOM.

import { Component, OnDestroy } from '@angular/core';
import { Subscription, interval } from 'rxjs';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-destroy',
  template: '<p>Destroy Example</p>',
})
export class DestroyComponent implements OnDestroy {
  private intervalSubscription: Subscription;

  constructor() {
    this.intervalSubscription = interval(1000).subscribe((count) => {
      console.log('Tick:', count);
    });
  }

  ngOnDestroy() {
    console.log('Component is being destroyed');
    this.intervalSubscription.unsubscribe();
  }
}

In this example, the component subscribes to an interval observable. In ngOnDestroy, it unsubscribes from the observable to prevent the interval from continuing to run after the component is destroyed, which would cause a memory leak.

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Implementing Lifecycle Interfaces in Angular

Angular provides TypeScript interfaces for each lifecycle hook, and implementing these interfaces offers significant benefits. They help ensure that your components adhere to the expected structure, promote code clarity, and prevent common errors. When you implement a lifecycle interface, you're essentially telling Angular, "This component will use this specific lifecycle hook," which helps the framework manage your component's behavior more effectively.

Let’s explore the benefits and implementation of Angular lifecycle interfaces:

Benefits of Using Lifecycle Interfaces

Lifecycle interfaces enhance code maintainability and prevent missing method implementations, contributing to more robust and predictable Angular applications. Here are some advantages:

• Improved Code Clarity: When you implement a lifecycle interface, you explicitly declare your intention to use a particular lifecycle hook. This makes your code easier to read and understand for other developers (or yourself in the future!). It also helps you clearly define the purpose of your component's behavior at different stages of its lifecycle.
• Enhanced Maintainability: By adhering to the interface contract, you help ensure that your component behaves as expected across different Angular versions and updates. If you are working on a large project, these interfaces provide a standardized approach, making maintenance and upgrades much smoother.
• Prevention of Missing Implementations: The TypeScript compiler enforces that you implement all the required methods defined in the lifecycle interface. This prevents you from accidentally omitting an important life cycle of the Angular components hook, which could lead to unexpected behavior or errors in your application.

Example of Implementing Multiple Interfaces

Using multiple interfaces, you can implement multiple lifecycle hooks in a single component. This consolidates your product lifecycle management logic in one place, allowing you to manage different aspects of the component’s lifecycle within the same class. This keeps your code organized and efficient.

Example Code: Using Multiple Lifecycle Interfaces

This example demonstrates how to implement OnInit and OnDestroy in a single component, handling both initialization tasks and cleanup operations.

import { Component, OnInit, OnDestroy } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-multiple-hooks',
  template: '<p>Multiple Lifecycle Hooks</p>',
})
export class MultipleHooksComponent implements OnInit, OnDestroy {
  ngOnInit() {
    console.log('Component initialized');
  }

  ngOnDestroy() {
    console.log('Component destroyed');
  }
}

Explanation:

• Implements OnInit, OnDestroy: This line declares that the MultipleHooksComponent class implements both the OnInit and OnDestroy interfaces. By implementing these interfaces, you are telling Angular that this component will participate in the OnInit and OnDestroy lifecycle events.
• ngOnInit() { ... }: This is where you place code that runs when the component is initialized. This hook is called once Angular has finished initializing the component’s input properties. In this example, it logs "Component initialized" to the console, but you can use it for more complex tasks, such as fetching data from an API or setting up event listeners.
• ngOnDestroy() { ... }: This hook is used for cleanup tasks when the component is about to be destroyed. It helps prevent memory leaks and ensures that resources are properly released. For instance, you might unsubscribe from observables or remove event listeners. Similar to ngOnInit, this example logs a message to the console, but in a real-world application, it would contain more substantial cleanup logic.

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Best Practices for Using Lifecycle Methods

To build robust Angular apps, it's crucial to use lifecycle methods effectively. By following best practices, you can optimize performance, manage resources wisely, and avoid common pitfalls. It ensures your applications are both efficient and maintainable.

Let’s explore some best practices to help you make the most of Angular lifecycle methods in your projects:

Avoiding Performance Pitfalls

Lifecycle hooks like ngDoCheck offer fine-grained control but can introduce performance issues if not used properly. ngDoCheck is triggered on every change detection cycle, regardless of whether the component's inputs have actually changed. Overusing it can lead to unnecessary computations and slow down your application.

To mitigate this, carefully consider whether ngDoCheck is truly needed. If you're only concerned with changes to specific input properties, use OnChanges instead. For complex scenarios, explore techniques like memoization or ChangeDetectionStrategy to optimize performance and reduce the frequency of checks. Always profile your application to identify performance bottlenecks before implementing complex change detection logic.

Ensuring Proper Cleanup

Proper cleanup helps prevent memory leaks and keeps your application efficient. When a component is destroyed, it is useful to unsubscribe from any observables, event listeners, or other resources it holds. The ngOnDestroy lifecycle hook is the ideal place to perform these cleanup tasks.

Here are the key steps to follow:

• Unsubscribe from Observables: Use the ngOnDestroy lifecycle hook to unsubscribe from observables by calling .unsubscribe() on subscriptions. Consider using the takeUntil operator to automatically unsubscribe when a specific observable emits, simplifying your cleanup logic.
• Prevent Memory Leaks: Failure to unsubscribe can lead to memory leaks, which can cause performance degradation and potential crashes. When a component is destroyed, always ensure that resources are properly cleaned up.
• Release Resources: Release any other resources the component holds, such as timers, intervals, or connections to external services. Cleaning up resources allows the garbage collector to reclaim the memory used by the component, preventing memory leaks and improving application performance.

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Wrapping Up

Angular component lifecycle hooks play a significant role in building dynamic and efficient applications. These hooks help your components function smoothly, update seamlessly, and release resources when no longer needed. Mastering Angular component lifecycle hooks elevates you from a casual developer to a framework expert.

Remember that choosing the right lifecycle hook for each task is crucial; API calls belong in ngOnInit, DOM manipulations in ngAfterViewInit, and cleanup operations in ngOnDestroy. Don’t stop here; try using this life cycle of Angular components in real projects. Keep exploring, experimenting, and refining your knowledge. The more you practice, the more confident you’ll become. 

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• upGrad’s Core Java Basics courses
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