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Parameterized Constructor In C++: Working & Examples

Parameterized Constructor In C++: Working & Examples

Updated on 05 July, 2024

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• 8 min read

Table of Contents

What is Constructor?
What is a Parameterized Constructor?
How Does the Parameterized Constructor in C++ Work?
What is the Use of Parameterized Constructor in C++?
Conclusion

In my years of experience in software development, I’ve come to appreciate the foundational concepts that make programming languages like C++ so powerful and versatile. One such concept that has significantly impacted how I approach object-oriented programming is the “Parameterized Constructor in C++. ”

This feature, although seemingly straightforward, has been a game-changer in the way I design and implement my classes. It’s not just about initializing objects; it’s about doing so in a way that’s both efficient and tailored to the specific needs of the application right from the start. In this article, I’ll cover the basics, delve into how they work, and explore their importance in crafting effective C++ code. Whether you’re new to the field or looking to enhance your understanding of C++, this discussion on parameterized constructors is designed to equip you with a deeper understanding of one of the language’s key features.

What is Constructor?

A constructor is a class’s member function that is used to initialize objects in a class. In C++, when an object which is the class’s instance, is created, the constructor is called automatically. Thus, a constructor is a special member function of the class.

In C++, constructors are crucial for object initialization. The default constructor initializes objects without parameters. A copy constructor in C++ creates copies of objects, ensuring deep or shallow copies as needed. Other types of constructor in C++ include parameterized constructors, which initialize objects with specified values, and delegating constructors, where one constructor calls another within the same class, streamlining initialization processes.

What is a Parameterized Constructor?

A parameterized type, frequently found in generics, is a class or interface that may function with any given data type, providing flexibility and type-safe code reuse.

Arguments can be passed to constructors. When an object is created, these arguments help initialize an object. To create a parameterized constructor in C++, we can add parameters to a function like it can be added to any other function. When the body of the constructor is defined, the parameters are used to initialize the object.

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Syntax of Parameterized Constructor in C++

class name_of_class{
Access specifier (Public/protected/private):
Member variables
Member functions
public:
name_of_class(variables){ //Code for constructor
}
// other functions and variables
}

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The syntax included having name_of_class, followed by an access specifier that contains member functions and member variables. All these are included in the constructor code, which means that it can be called in the constructor’s body.

Also Read: Open Source Projects for C++

Example of Parameterized Constructor in C++

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Example
{
private:
                      int a, b;

public:
                      // Parameterized Constructor
                      Example(int a1, int b1)
                      {
                       a = a1;
                       b = b1;
                      }

                      int getA()
                      {
                       return a;
                      }
                      int getB()
                      {
                       return b;
                      }
};
int main()
{
                      // Calling the constructor
                      Example e1(5, 10);

                      cout << "e1.a = " << e1.getA() << ", e1.b = " << e1.getB();

                      return 0;
}

Output

Explanation: Private variables a and b are declared in the class Example. A parameterized constructor in C++ with example is declared using the function Example. It includes two methods getA() and getB(). In the main class, the constructor is called, and the constructor’s access values are assigned.

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How Does the Parameterized Constructor in C++ Work?

An object gets initiated, which holds values or the details and parameters the object will process or contain whenever a parameterized constructor in C++ is defined. Then it becomes possible for arguments to be passed to that object. The procedure is very similar to passing a value to a function. It also holds a similarity to passing parameterized values to the objects.

The objects which are defined in the body of the constructor are initialized using the parameters. The values should be passed as arguments to the constructor function whenever a parameterized constructor is declared. These constructors can be called both explicitly or implicitly. The conventional way of object declaration does not work.

Note: Types of call-

Explicit call- Example e1= Example(0,10)
Implicit call- Example e1(0,10)

Checkout: Project Ideas in C++ for Beginners

What is the Use of Parameterized Constructor in C++?

The uses of parameterized constructors are as follows:

Constructor overloading
Used to assign different values to the various data elements of different objects when they are initialized/created

Another example:

Program to calculate the area of a rectangle

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// declaring a class
class rectangle {
   private:
       double length;
       double breadth;
   public:
       // creating parameterized constructor
       rectangle(double len, double brt) {
                   // initialize private variables
                   length = len;
                   breadth = brt;
       }
       double calculateArea() {
                   return length * breadth;
       }
};
int main() {
       // creating objects and initializing data members
       rectangle rect1(10, 8.6);
       rectangle rect2(8.5, 6);
       cout << "Area of rectangle 1: " << rect1.calculateArea() << endl;
       cout << "Area of rectangle 2: " << rect2.calculateArea() << endl;
       return 0;
}

Output

Explanation: In this example, we have created a parameterized constructor rectangle() with two parameters: double len and double bdt. These parameters contain values that are used to initialize the member variables length and breadth. When we create an object of the Rectangle class, we pass the member variables’ values as arguments. We can calculate the area with the calculateArea() function when the member variables are initialized.

Displaying marks of students

 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
        class Student {
           public:
            int std_id;//data member 
            string std_name;//also instance variable
            float std_marks;
            Student(int i, string a, float b) 
             { 
                 std_id = i; 
                 std_name = a; 
                std_marks = b;
     } 
            void display() 
            { 
                    cout<<std_id<<"  "<<std_name:<<"  "<<std_marks <<endl; 
             } 
        };
        int main(void) {
        Student s1 =Student(101, "Soniya", 89); //creating an object of student
        Student s2=Student(102, "Nakul", 59);
        s1.display(); 
        s2.display();          return 0;
        }

Output

Explanation: id, name, and marks are data members (also instance variables). A student is a parameterized constructor, and its objects are created in the main class.

Differences Between Default Constructor and Parameterized Constructor

Parameter	Default Constructor	Parameterized Constructor
Definition	A constructor with no parameters.	A constructor that accepts one or more parameters.
Initialization	Sets object attributes to default values.	Sets object attributes to values provided as parameters.
Syntax	ClassName() { }	ClassName(Type param1, Type param2, …) { }
Invocation	Automatically called if no other constructor is defined.	Explicitly called when creating an object with arguments.
Use Case	Suitable for initializing objects with standard defaults.	Useful when specific values are required at initialization.
Overloading	Not overloadable as it has no parameters.	Can be overloaded with different parameter sets.
Flexibility	Less flexible, offers a single way to initialize objects.	More flexible, supports multiple initialization methods.
Example Usage	Person p = new Person();	Person p = new Person(“John”, 30);
Default Provided by Language	Implicitly provided if no constructor is defined.	Must be explicitly defined by the programmer.
Typical Implementation	Often used for simple or placeholder objects.	Used for objects requiring initialization with specific data.

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Conclusion

Constructors are just special kinds of methods in which we can pass values. If we do not pass values to the constructor, then the end object has some default value. [1] [MOU2] The objects hold the methods and values of member variables that are part of the main class. These values are finally passed via constructors. A parameterized constructor in C++ has its advantage of assigning different objects different values, and there can be overloading.

Now that you are aware of the parameterized constructors in C++, if you want to dig deeper and move up in your programming career, then explore courses from upGrad, India’s largest online higher education company. You must check our Full-Stack Software Development Programme.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a constructor?

Constructor is a special method in a class which has the same name as the class. It is special because this method is automatically called when a class is created (instantiated). If a constructor has no arguments, then the class is being instantiated with empty values. Constructor performs initialization tasks and initializes the instance variables of the class. The main purpose of constructor is to establish the values of the object's properties. It is also used to perform any operation that need to be executed only once. Constructor is usually declared as a public static in the class and the object is created using this constructor.

2. How many constructors can there be in a class?

If we are talking about C++, then the number of constructors is unlimited. However, there may be other limits because of other reasons such as the memory limitation of your machine, the complexity of the class, etc. Therefore, the number of constructors is unlimited, but the number of constructor parameters is not. There can be as many constructors in a class as you want. But the default constructor in C++ is a must. Any class which has no default constructor is an abstract class. Abstract class cannot be instantiated.

3. What is object-oriented programming?

Object oriented programming is a programming paradigm that treats ‘objects’ as the fundamental building blocks of a program or computer system. Objects are software entities that can contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. Object oriented programming focuses on data and the rules surrounding it, rather than focusing on procedural logic or flow-of-control, as was common in early programming languages. OOP deals with data as a whole rather than as a set of individual elements.

4. What are parameterized data types?

Parameterized data types, often seen in generics, enable the creation of classes, interfaces, or methods that can handle any specified data type, enhancing type safety and reusability (e.g., 'ArrayList' in Java where 'T' represents any object type).

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How to Become a Full-Stack Developer: Part 3

This post is the third and final in the series on becoming a full-stack developer. This article talks specifically about mobile app development. Read here for more on frontend and backend development. When Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone in 2007, it ushered the biggest revolution the world had witnessed since the printing press. Smartphones have managed to penetrate almost every country on the globe. Even the most impoverished seem to be in possession of one so much so that life without them seems inconceivable. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition Motivation There are certain apps which make sense only when running on a phone. Take Uber, for instance. Uber needs to know your exact location through GPS. An Uber app for desktop wouldn’t make much sense. Another issue is that a majority of your audience will open your app through a phone, even if it is one that has been built for browsers. In such cases, it is imperative that you ensure the experience is seamless and too much data isn’t consumed. Finally, there are subtle differences between interacting using mouse-clicks and touch. Your app must ensure that it behaves well in both scenarios. Keeping all these considerations in mind, it makes good sense to venture out of the browser and build mobile apps. This ensures that you make maximum use of the functionalities a typical smartphone has to offer while at the same time making the user experience a delight. Below are the steps to acing mobile app development. For the first part to become a full stack developer on frontend and backend development. Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Blockchain Learn Software Development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Interview with Ankit Tomar, Co-Founder & CTO, Bizongo Step 12: Choose a Platform The first step would be to choose a platform where you would like to build your application. Unless you’re part of a reasonably big team, it is extremely unlikely that you will build apps from scratch on all major platforms. The more likely scenario is that you will be coding on your favourite platform and will then simply port it over to the others. The major smartphone platforms today are iOS, Android, and Windows. They use drastically different languages and IDEs. For instance, iOS uses Swift and XCode, Android uses Java and the Android Studio and Microsoft operate with C# and Visual Studio. upGrad’s Exclusive Software Development Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in DevOps The market today is dominated by Android and iOS, so the choice really comes down to these two. Some things you may need to consider before making a choice is the audience share for your app. I believe it makes good business sense to build iOS apps if you’re in a First World country as Apple Devices are extremely popular there. In contrast, in a country like India, Android would be a more obvious choice as the market share for iPhones is extremely small owing to its exorbitant price. If you plan on making money from your app, keep in mind that iOS users are more likely to open their wallets for in-app purchases than their Android counterparts. This may be because iOS users usually tend to have more disposable income as compared to third world markets where Android dominates. iOS development requires you to have a Mac Development machine. Also, Apple App Store licenses retail at $99/year compared to Google Play’s one time $25 fee. In other words, iOS development is considerably more expensive. In this post, I shall cover how mobile app development is done today: Native Android Apps, Native iOS Apps and Hybrid Mobile Apps. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Step 13: Java and XML Java is the most popular language for Android Development (Google has recently introduced support for the Kotlin Programming language too). The founders of Android thought Java to be an appropriate choice and they have stuck to it since its inception. And if their trajectory is anything to go by, it has been nothing short of an amazing decision. The best resource to learn Java would be Head First Java. Reading this book will give you a thorough introduction to the language as well as Object Oriented Programming Principles. As far as XML is concerned, I do not think you need a concentrated tutorial on the subject. You’ve already worked extensively with a subset of XML (HTML) and you will be able to figure it out pretty quickly, even if you were to jump directly into Android development. I cannot say the same for Java. Ensure you have a good grasp of the language before venturing into Android. Step 14: Android You now have the technical know-how to build Android apps. It is time to dive deep into this revolutionary OS. Be wary though that certain Android practices differ from what you usually see on the web. The resources I’ve suggested below will ensure that your learning is not hindered by these differences. Android Programming- The Big Nerd Ranch Guide 2nd Edition is a good place to start if you know Java already. Make sure you pick up the second edition as that is the one that uses Android Studio, which is the industry standard now. The practice of building apps in Eclipse is largely outdated. Interview with Farooq Adam, Co-Founder, Fynd Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Step 15: iOS If you are more of an Apple aficionado and/or have decided that iOS apps make more sense to your business/career aspirations. The first step would be to acquire a Mac. XCode works only on Mac and in order to publish on the app store, you need a Mac. Sorry, VMWare. The resource I’m going to suggest for iOS is exactly the same as that for Android. Nerd Ranch has its own publication – iOS Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide which deals with Swift and XCode, so that is a good place to start. Step 16: Hybrid Mobile Apps If you’re a solo developer or are working in a small team, you probably do not have the time or the resources to separately build and maintain Android and iOS Apps. To alleviate the developer’s pain of building for multiple platforms, the concept of Hybrid Mobile Apps was introduced. The concept is extremely simple and revolutionary. If you know Javascript, you already know how to build web apps. Therefore, should you have an app in JS, there must exist a framework that automatically ports your application into Android, iOS, and Windows. Incredible but true. Most hybrid frameworks achieve this using Cordova or React Native. You can think of Cordova as the bridge between browsers and the smartphone’s native hardware. It establishes a connection between the two solely using JS and helps in creating the build scripts in the native languages of each platform. Cordova based frameworks, however, are rapidly being overshadowed by Facebook’s powerhouse, React Native. The power of React Native lies in the fact that while Cordova constructs WebViews, React Native lets you build native apps that you’d build using either Java (for Android) or Swift (for iOS). In other words, Cordova is a website disguised as a mobile app, but React Native lets you build the real thing. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses In my opinion, you can give Cordova a miss and learn React Native instead. It is an extremely great career investment to make. UpGrad & IIIT-B’s Software Development program is a great place to start your journey with this revolutionary library which has already been used by companies like Facebook, Netflix and AirBnB to design their apps. Interview with Farooq Adam, Co-Founder, Fynd Conclusion With the conclusion of hybrid apps, we come to an end of this series. In summary, these are the things we’ve covered: Computer Science Fundamentals. Data Structures and Algorithms UI/UX HTML, CSS, JS Front-End Frameworks Server-Side Scripting and Databases Full Stack Frameworks Android and iOS Hybrid Mobile Apps Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? I hope you’ve enjoyed reading this series as much as I have enjoyed writing it and more importantly, found at least some parts useful. As always, your comments and suggestions are welcome!

by Rounak Banik

01 Dec'17

7.11K+

Why Companies are Looking to Hire Full Stack Developers

It’s no secret that companies today are looking to hire young and talented software developers. But with so many smart developers out there, how can you set yourself apart from everyone else applying for these coveted roles? The best way to do this is to master the skills companies demand: a wide variety of programming skills. When you are learning how to develop software, you can improve your odds of getting a job by learning full stack development. In fact, Indeed ranked the Full Stack Developer role as the #1 job in 2017. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. There are three main reasons why companies love to hire young full stack developers: Full stack developers can solve many problems Companies look to hire people based on what problems the candidates can solve for the company. By definition, full stack developers can work on both backend, frontend, and the protocols that connect the two; being able to create a software product end to end and independently. When you learn full stack development, you have an advantage over other job seekers as you can solve many more problems than other developers. For example, think about working at a high growth startup. Startups need developers who can work on a variety of programming projects. From user interfaces to server-side programming, to database applications, and everything in between. With only a small team, startups want to hire full stack developers who can work on many of the different software projects. As a full stack developer, you build many types of software projects that most other developers cannot. Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN) Even at a larger company, hiring developers with the knowledge to work on many different projects gives a manager flexibility to move people between teams as businesses constantly need change. One year, you can have a developer work on a frontend project and then you can move him to a backend project the very next year. The added flexibility makes the manager’s job much easier so they like to work with developers with a wide variety of skills. Check out upGrad’s Java Bootcamp. How to Become a Full Stack Developer Companies love full stack developers because they can solve many different problems for the business. Companies like to hire young developers who are generalists The main reason is that companies hire young developers based on their potential rather than deep domain knowledge. Companies like to teach young developers what they want them to know. As a full stack developer, you have a broad set of technology skills that the company can help you expand further. As an entry-level developer, they don’t need you to understand every algorithm. But you need to have core programming knowledge so the company can teach you what is specific to their business. Let’s go back to the example of working at a startup. When the company is starting out, they need full stack developers to work on all layers of the development stack, but as the company grows, the developers will need to specialise. It’s easy for a full stack developer to start as a generalist and then become a specialist later as the company can hire more employees. On the other hand, it’s very difficult for a specialist to join a startup and learn to be a generalist when the company is small. Full stack developers can grow with their companies more easily than specialists can. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Once you know the basics and get the job, the company will invest time and money to help you expand your knowledge further. Full stack developers can become great managers and executives Companies love to promote people with a wide variety of experiences in the business. As a full stack developer, you will get a chance to work on frontend software, backend software, and all of the architecture that connects them. Through that variety of experience on different projects, you get the opportunity to learn much more than your solely backend and frontend peers. They only get a chance to learn one part of the company’s technology architecture, but you learn the whole architecture and understand how it all fits together. That puts you in a great opportunity to rise through the technology ranks of the company and get promoted. If you work at a startup, your experience as a full stack developer can help set you apart from your peers as the company grows. Where some developers only know how one part of the technology stack works, you understand how all aspects of the technology fit together. As more developers are hired and new technology teams form, you are more likely to manage those new teams because of your wide knowledge. At a large company, you may also get more chances for promotion. When companies look to promote from within, they need people who can manage cross-functional software teams. As a full stack developer, you will know how to talk to developers from both frontend and backend teams. How to Succeed in Your First Software Development Job Of course, technology skills are not the only ones needed to get you a promotion. You will also need to learn business skills to be a manager. But if you do that you can climb high up the corporate ladder. Looking to become a full stack developer? This article does a great job explaining how to get started: How to become a full stack developer. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Enroll in Software Engineering Courses from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career.

by Gopi Vajravelu

31 Jan'18

5.53K+

What is Test-driven Development: A Newbie’s Guide

Programmers and bugs have been in a never-ending fight for supremacy since time unknown. It’s unavoidable – even the best programmers fall prey to bugs. No code is truly safe from bugs, that’s why we perform testing. Programmers, at least the sane ones, test their code by running it on development machines to make sure it does what it was meant to do. Traditionally, test cases were written after writing the code, but in Test-driven Development, an automated test case is written before writing any piece of code so that the execution and testing can be checked simultaneously. In this article, we’ll be talking about Test-Driven Development in depth and why is it better than the traditional methods! Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition What is Test-Driven Development? Test-Driven Development was created as part of the Extreme Programming (XP) methodology and was called the ‘Test-First’ concept. Test-driven development allows you to test your code thoroughly, and also enables you to retest your code quickly and easily since it’s automated. In essence, before writing any piece of code, the programmer first creates a unit-test. Then, the programmer creates just enough code to satisfy the unit-test. Once the test is passed and the code refactored, the programmer can go ahead with making further improvements. Test-driven development makes sure that the code is thoroughly tested which leads to a modularized, extensible, and flexible code. Each time a new feature is to be added, it needs to undergo what is called the “lifecycle” of TDD. Let’s talk more about this lifecycle. Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in DevOps How to Become a Full Stack Developer Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Test-Driven Development Lifecycle The test-driven development lifecycle covers everything from writing the initial unit-test to reworking the code. Add a test: Every new feature needs to undergo a test before its implemented. The essential requirement for writing a test is to have a clear understanding of all the requirements. This is accomplished using use-cases and user-stories. Run all tests and check the net test: This is done to ensure the correct working of our test. Basically, this phase aims to check that the test is not passed by any code that doesn’t meet the requirements. By doing so, this step eliminates the possibility of having a faulty test at hand. Write code: Now that you have your test in place, the next obvious step is to write a code that clears the test. This code need not be perfect in all aspects, but it needs to clear the test. Once we’re sure this code clears the test, it can be modified as per the requirements. Run the tests: Having written the code, now it’s time to see if the code passes the test or not. If your code passes the tests, it means that your code meets the requirements – till now. Refactor the code: This is essentially done to clean up the code. Refactoring doesn’t cause damage to any of the functionalities; it is just for cleaning the code by removing duplication between test code and production code. Repeat: This cycle is now repeated with a fresh test to add more functionalities. Each functionality undergoes the same cycle. Essentially, the size of steps should be not more than 1-10 edits between each test run. If a code doesn’t pass the test rapidly, the developer must revert and not debug excessively. Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN) Why Companies are Looking to Hire Full Stack Developers Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses The Pros and Cons of Test-Driven Development Test-driven development has some definite pros over traditional methods of testing – which were mostly manual. However, it’s not infallible. Just like any other technology, the test-driven development also has a set of cons. Let’s have a look at what are the benefits of TDD in detail: Writing small tests ensures modularity of your code. Practicing TDD helps you understand the underlying principles of good modular design. TDD provides clarity during the implementation of your code which enables a safety-net during the refactoring phase. With TDD, collaborating is a lot easier as now people can edit the code with confidence because the test will inform them if their changes are not up to the mark of the test. The base of TDD is unit-tests. Because of that, refactoring is a whole lot easier and faster. Refactoring an old code is a pain, but if the code is backed by unit tests, it becomes so much easier. It helps in clarifying all the requirements before you begin the coding part. This way, a lot of ambiguity that can arise later on is avoided. Test-driven development focuses on testing while writing. This forces the programmer to make their interfaces clean enough to pass the test. It’s hard to understand this advantage until you work on a piece of code that hasn’t undergone TDD. Silly mistakes are caught almost immediately. It helps in removal of those mistakes that would waste a lot of time if found in QA. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Now, let’s have a look at what are the limitations of test-driven development: The test suite that’s used for testing needs to be maintained else the tests may not be fully deterministic. The tests are hard to write – especially beyond the unit-testing phase. TDD does slow down the pace of development, at least initially. Like with any form of development, there’s a big difference between just doing it and doing it well. Writing good unit tests requires a level of specialty. It’s difficult to apply this approach to your legacy(existing) code. TDD requires you to perform routine housekeeping. It’s necessary to refine the tests to make them run more quickly. It’s easy to get distracted by the fancy features in any unit-testing framework, but it should be kept in mind that simple tests tend to give the best results. Unless everyone on the team correctly maintains their tests, the whole system can quickly degrade. How to Succeed in Your First Software Development Job Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? In Conclusion… Test-driven development is the way forward as far as future of application development goes. There are a number of automated testing frameworks like PHPUnit, Serenity, Robot, RedWoodHQ, and many more. Pick the one that fits your need and get started with building better maintainable applications in no time! Enroll in Software Engineering Courses from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career.

by Arjun Mathur

12 Mar'18

35.67K+

A Beginner’s Guide to MVC Architecture in Java

If you’re related to web development scene, you’ll most certainly have come across the acronym “MVC” hundreds of time, if not more. MVC is one of the most talked about design patterns in the web programming world today, and rightly so. In this article, we’ll take you through the world of MVC Architecture. We’ll talk about the basics of MVC, its advantages, and finally, a simple code that will help you understand the implementation of MVC in Java in a clearer way. What exactly is the MVC architecture? Before we get into the technicalities of it, let’s make some things clear – MVC is NOT a design pattern, it’s a way to structure your applications. In recent years, the web applications are extensively using the MVC architecture, and hence it’s natural to confuse it for a design pattern exclusive for web applications. However, let’s tell you that MVC was first described way back in 1979 – before the WWW era when there was no concept of web applications. The architecture used today for web applications is an adaptation of the original pattern. In fact, this architecture was initially included in the two major web development frameworks – Struts and Ruby on Rails. These two environments paved the way for a majority of web frameworks that came later – and thus the popularity of this architecture kept rising. Learn to build applications like Swiggy, Quora, IMDB and more MVC architectural pattern follows an elementary idea – we must separate the responsibilities in any application on the following basis: Model: Handles data and business logic. View: Presents the data to the user whenever asked for. Controller: Entertains user requests and fetch necessary resources. Each of the components has a demarcated set of tasks which ensures smooth functioning of the entire application along with complete modularity. Let us have a look at each of these components in further detail. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 Controller The controller is the like the housekeeper of the application – it performs coordination between model and view to entertain a user request. The user requests are received as HTTP get or post request – for example, when the user clicks on any GUI elements to perform any action. The primary function of a controller is to call and coordinate with the model to fetch any necessary resources required to act. Usually, on receiving a user request, the controller calls the appropriate model for the task at hand. Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN) Model The model is quite simply the data for our application. The data is “modelled” in a way it’s easy to store, retrieve, and edit. The model is how we apply rules to our data, which eventually represents the concepts our application manages. For any software application, everything is modelled as data that can be handled easily. What is a user, a book, or a message for an app? Nothing really, only data that must be processed according to specific rules. Like, the date must not be higher than the current date, the email must be in the correct format, the name mustn’t be more than “x” characters long, etc. Check out upGrad’s Java Bootcamp Whenever a user makes any request from the controller, it contacts the appropriate model which returns a data representation of whatever the user requested. This model will be the same for a particular work, irrespective of how we wish to display it to the user. That is why we can choose any available view to render the model data. Additionally, a model also contains the logic to update the relevant controller whenever there is any change in the model’s data. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses View As the name suggests, the view is responsible for rendering the data received from the model. There may be pre-designed templates where you can fit the data, and there may even be several different views per model depending on the requirements. Any web application is structured keeping these three core components in mind. There may be a primary controller that is responsible for receiving all the requests and calling the specific controller for specific actions. Let’s understand the working of a web application under the MVC architecture better using an example. Let’s See an Example Let’s take an example of an online stationery shop. The user can view items, buy, add items to cart, add items to current order, or even add/remove items (if he’s the admin). Now, let’s see what will happen when a user clicks on the title “Pens” to see the list of pens. Our application will have a particular controller to handle all the queries related to pens. Let’s say it’s called “pens_controller.php”. We’ll also have a model that will store the data regarding the pens we have – let’s call it “pens_model.php”. Finally, we’ll have several views to present the data – a list of pens, a table displaying pens, a page to edit the list, etc. The following figure shows the complete flow of control right from the moment a user clicks on “pens”, to when the result is rendered in front of him: First, the “pens_controller.php” handles the user request (1) as a GET or POST request. We can also have an “index.php” which is the central controller which will call the “pens_controller” whenever needed. The controller then examines the request and the parameters and calls the required model – in this case, “pens_model.php”. The controller asks the model to return the list of available pens (2). Now, the model searches the database for the necessary information (3), applies logics if necessary, and returns the data to the controller(4). The controller then picks an appropriate view (5) and presents the data (6 and 7). If a request comes from a handheld device, a view suitable for it will be used, or if the user has a particular theme selected, its view will be picked – and so on. How to Become a Full Stack Developer The Advantages of the MVC Architecture A common problem faced by application developers these days is the support for different type of devices. The MVC architecture solves this problem as developers can create different interfaces for different devices, and based on from which device the request is made, the controller will select an appropriate view. The model sends the same data irrespective of the device being used, which ensures a complete consistency across all devices. The MVC separation beautifully isolates the view from the business logic. It also reduces complexities in designing large application by keeping the code and workflow structured. This makes the overall code much easier to maintain, test, debug, and reuse. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses A Simple Implementation of MVC using Java We will have the following three: StudentObject : the model. StudentView: view class to print details on the console. StudentController: a controller that stores data in studentObject and updates StudentView accordingly Step 1: Create the Model public class Student { private String rollNo; private String name; public String getRollNo() { return rollNo; } public void setRollNo(String rollNo) { this.rollNo = rollNo; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } } The code is self-explanatory. It consists of functions to get/set roll number and names of the students. Let’s call it “student.java”. Step 2: Create the View public class StudentView { public void printStudentDetails(String studentName, String studentRollNo){ System.out.println("Student: "); System.out.println("Name: " + studentName); System.out.println("Roll No: " + studentRollNo); } } This is simply to print the values to the console. Let’s call this “studentView.java”. Step 3: Create the Controller public class StudentController { private Student model; private StudentView view; public StudentController(Student model, StudentView view){ this.model = model; this.view = view; } public void setStudentName(String name){ model.setName(name); } public String getStudentName(){ return model.getName(); } public void setStudentRollNo(String rollNo){ model.setRollNo(rollNo); } public String getStudentRollNo(){ return model.getRollNo(); } public void updateView(){ view.printStudentDetails(model.getName(), model.getRollNo()); } } Call this “StudentController.java”. A cursory glance will tell you that this controller is just responsible for calling the model to get/set the data, and then updating the view. Now, let’s have a look at how all of this is tied together. Step 4: Create the main Java file public class MVCPatternDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //fetch student record based on his roll no from the database Student model = retriveStudentFromDatabase(); //Create a view : to write student details on console StudentView view = new StudentView(); StudentController controller = new StudentController(model, view); controller.updateView(); //update model data controller.setStudentName("John"); controller.updateView(); } private static Student retriveStudentFromDatabase(){ Student student = new Student(); student.setName("Robert"); student.setRollNo("10"); return student; } } This is called “MVCPatternDemo.java”. As you can see, it fetches the student data from the database or a function (in this case we’re using a function to set the values) and pushes it on to the Student model. Then, it initialises the view we had created earlier. Further, it also initialises our controller and binds it to the model and the view. The updateView() method is a part of the controller which updates the student details on the console. Step 5: Test the Result If everything goes right, the result should be: Student: Name: Robert Roll No: 10 Student: Name: John Roll No: 10 If you get this as the output, congratulations! You’ve successfully implemented the MVC architecture using Java, albeit for a simple application. However simple, this application is enough to demonstrate the powers of the MVC architecture. 15 Must-Know Spring MVC Interview Questions Wrapping Up… After so much said and done, it’s hard to emphasise more on the power of the MVC architecture in any web/desktop application these days. It provides an altogether new level of modularity to your code which makes it a lot more readable and maintainable. So, if you want to scale to new heights in your career as an application developer, getting hold of the MVC architecture and its working should be your top priority. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Enroll in Software Engineering Courses from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Do drop by a comment and let us know how you like this article!

by Arjun Mathur

09 Apr'18