- Blog Categories
- Software Development Projects and Ideas
- 12 Computer Science Project Ideas
- 28 Beginner Software Projects
- Top 10 Engineering Project Ideas
- Top 10 Easy Final Year Projects
- Top 10 Mini Projects for Engineers
- 25 Best Django Project Ideas
- Top 20 MERN Stack Project Ideas
- Top 12 Real Time Projects
- Top 6 Major CSE Projects
- 12 Robotics Projects for All Levels
- Java Programming Concepts
- Abstract Class in Java and Methods
- Constructor Overloading in Java
- StringBuffer vs StringBuilder
- Java Identifiers: Syntax & Examples
- Types of Variables in Java Explained
- Composition in Java: Examples
- Append in Java: Implementation
- Loose Coupling vs Tight Coupling
- Integrity Constraints in DBMS
- Different Types of Operators Explained
- Career and Interview Preparation in IT
- Top 14 IT Courses for Jobs
- Top 20 Highest Paying Languages
- 23 Top CS Interview Q&A
- Best IT Jobs without Coding
- Software Engineer Salary in India
- 44 Agile Methodology Interview Q&A
- 10 Software Engineering Challenges
- Top 15 Tech's Daily Life Impact
- 10 Best Backends for React
- Cloud Computing Reference Models
- Web Development and Security
- Find Installed NPM Version
- Install Specific NPM Package Version
- Make API Calls in Angular
- Install Bootstrap in Angular
- Use Axios in React: Guide
- StrictMode in React: Usage
- 75 Cyber Security Research Topics
- Top 7 Languages for Ethical Hacking
- Top 20 Docker Commands
- Advantages of OOP
- Data Science Projects and Applications
- 42 Python Project Ideas for Beginners
- 13 Data Science Project Ideas
- 13 Data Structure Project Ideas
- 12 Real-World Python Applications
- Python Banking Project
- Data Science Course Eligibility
- Association Rule Mining Overview
- Cluster Analysis in Data Mining
- Classification in Data Mining
- KDD Process in Data Mining
- Data Structures and Algorithms
- Binary Tree Types Explained
- Binary Search Algorithm
- Sorting in Data Structure
- Binary Tree in Data Structure
- Binary Tree vs Binary Search Tree
- Recursion in Data Structure
- Data Structure Search Methods: Explained
- Binary Tree Interview Q&A
- Linear vs Binary Search
- Priority Queue Overview
- Python Programming and Tools
- Top 30 Python Pattern Programs
- List vs Tuple
- Python Free Online Course
- Method Overriding in Python
- Top 21 Python Developer Skills
- Reverse a Number in Python
- Switch Case Functions in Python
- Info Retrieval System Overview
- Reverse a Number in Python
- Real-World Python Applications
- Data Science Careers and Comparisons
- Data Analyst Salary in India
- Data Scientist Salary in India
- Free Excel Certification Course
- Actuary Salary in India
- Data Analyst Interview Guide
- Pandas Interview Guide
- Tableau Filters Explained
- Data Mining Techniques Overview
- Data Analytics Lifecycle Phases
- Data Science Vs Analytics Comparison
- Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Projects
- Exciting IoT Project Ideas
- 16 Exciting AI Project Ideas
- 45+ Interesting ML Project Ideas
- Exciting Deep Learning Projects
- 12 Intriguing Linear Regression Projects
- 13 Neural Network Projects
- 5 Exciting Image Processing Projects
- Top 8 Thrilling AWS Projects
- 12 Engaging AI Projects in Python
- NLP Projects for Beginners
- Concepts and Algorithms in AIML
- Basic CNN Architecture Explained
- 6 Types of Regression Models
- Data Preprocessing Steps
- Bagging vs Boosting in ML
- Multinomial Naive Bayes Overview
- Gini Index for Decision Trees
- Bayesian Network Example
- Bayes Theorem Guide
- Top 10 Dimensionality Reduction Techniques
- Neural Network Step-by-Step Guide
- Technical Guides and Comparisons
- Make a Chatbot in Python
- Compute Square Roots in Python
- Permutation vs Combination
- Image Segmentation Techniques
- Generative AI vs Traditional AI
- AI vs Human Intelligence
- Random Forest vs Decision Tree
- Neural Network Overview
- Perceptron Learning Algorithm
- Selection Sort Algorithm
- Career and Practical Applications in AIML
- AI Salary in India Overview
- Biological Neural Network Basics
- Top 10 AI Challenges
- Production System in AI
- Top 8 Raspberry Pi Alternatives
- Top 8 Open Source Projects
- 14 Raspberry Pi Project Ideas
- 15 MATLAB Project Ideas
- Top 10 Python NLP Libraries
- Naive Bayes Explained
- Digital Marketing Projects and Strategies
- 10 Best Digital Marketing Projects
- 17 Fun Social Media Projects
- Top 6 SEO Project Ideas
- Digital Marketing Case Studies
- Coca-Cola Marketing Strategy
- Nestle Marketing Strategy Analysis
- Zomato Marketing Strategy
- Monetize Instagram Guide
- Become a Successful Instagram Influencer
- 8 Best Lead Generation Techniques
- Digital Marketing Careers and Salaries
- Digital Marketing Salary in India
- Top 10 Highest Paying Marketing Jobs
- Highest Paying Digital Marketing Jobs
- SEO Salary in India
- Brand Manager Salary in India
- Content Writer Salary Guide
- Digital Marketing Executive Roles
- Career in Digital Marketing Guide
- Future of Digital Marketing
- MBA in Digital Marketing Overview
- Digital Marketing Techniques and Channels
- 9 Types of Digital Marketing Channels
- Top 10 Benefits of Marketing Branding
- 100 Best YouTube Channel Ideas
- YouTube Earnings in India
- 7 Reasons to Study Digital Marketing
- Top 10 Digital Marketing Objectives
- 10 Best Digital Marketing Blogs
- Top 5 Industries Using Digital Marketing
- Growth of Digital Marketing in India
- Top Career Options in Marketing
- Interview Preparation and Skills
- 73 Google Analytics Interview Q&A
- 56 Social Media Marketing Q&A
- 78 Google AdWords Interview Q&A
- Top 133 SEO Interview Q&A
- 27+ Digital Marketing Q&A
- Digital Marketing Free Course
- Top 9 Skills for PPC Analysts
- Movies with Successful Social Media Campaigns
- Marketing Communication Steps
- Top 10 Reasons to Be an Affiliate Marketer
- Career Options and Paths
- Top 25 Highest Paying Jobs India
- Top 25 Highest Paying Jobs World
- Top 10 Highest Paid Commerce Job
- Career Options After 12th Arts
- Top 7 Commerce Courses Without Maths
- Top 7 Career Options After PCB
- Best Career Options for Commerce
- Career Options After 12th CS
- Top 10 Career Options After 10th
- 8 Best Career Options After BA
- Projects and Academic Pursuits
- 17 Exciting Final Year Projects
- Top 12 Commerce Project Topics
- Top 13 BCA Project Ideas
- Career Options After 12th Science
- Top 15 CS Jobs in India
- 12 Best Career Options After M.Com
- 9 Best Career Options After B.Sc
- 7 Best Career Options After BCA
- 22 Best Career Options After MCA
- 16 Top Career Options After CE
- Courses and Certifications
- 10 Best Job-Oriented Courses
- Best Online Computer Courses
- Top 15 Trending Online Courses
- Top 19 High Salary Certificate Courses
- 21 Best Programming Courses for Jobs
- What is SGPA? Convert to CGPA
- GPA to Percentage Calculator
- Highest Salary Engineering Stream
- 15 Top Career Options After Engineering
- 6 Top Career Options After BBA
- Job Market and Interview Preparation
- Why Should You Be Hired: 5 Answers
- Top 10 Future Career Options
- Top 15 Highest Paid IT Jobs India
- 5 Common Guesstimate Interview Q&A
- Average CEO Salary: Top Paid CEOs
- Career Options in Political Science
- Top 15 Highest Paying Non-IT Jobs
- Cover Letter Examples for Jobs
- Top 5 Highest Paying Freelance Jobs
- Top 10 Highest Paying Companies India
- Career Options and Paths After MBA
- 20 Best Careers After B.Com
- Career Options After MBA Marketing
- Top 14 Careers After MBA In HR
- Top 10 Highest Paying HR Jobs India
- How to Become an Investment Banker
- Career Options After MBA - High Paying
- Scope of MBA in Operations Management
- Best MBA for Working Professionals India
- MBA After BA - Is It Right For You?
- Best Online MBA Courses India
- MBA Project Ideas and Topics
- 11 Exciting MBA HR Project Ideas
- Top 15 MBA Project Ideas
- 18 Exciting MBA Marketing Projects
- MBA Project Ideas: Consumer Behavior
- What is Brand Management?
- What is Holistic Marketing?
- What is Green Marketing?
- Intro to Organizational Behavior Model
- Tech Skills Every MBA Should Learn
- Most Demanding Short Term Courses MBA
- MBA Salary, Resume, and Skills
- MBA Salary in India
- HR Salary in India
- Investment Banker Salary India
- MBA Resume Samples
- Sample SOP for MBA
- Sample SOP for Internship
- 7 Ways MBA Helps Your Career
- Must-have Skills in Sales Career
- 8 Skills MBA Helps You Improve
- Top 20+ SAP FICO Interview Q&A
- MBA Specializations and Comparative Guides
- Why MBA After B.Tech? 5 Reasons
- How to Answer 'Why MBA After Engineering?'
- Why MBA in Finance
- MBA After BSc: 10 Reasons
- Which MBA Specialization to choose?
- Top 10 MBA Specializations
- MBA vs Masters: Which to Choose?
- Benefits of MBA After CA
- 5 Steps to Management Consultant
- 37 Must-Read HR Interview Q&A
- Fundamentals and Theories of Management
- What is Management? Objectives & Functions
- Nature and Scope of Management
- Decision Making in Management
- Management Process: Definition & Functions
- Importance of Management
- What are Motivation Theories?
- Tools of Financial Statement Analysis
- Negotiation Skills: Definition & Benefits
- Career Development in HRM
- Top 20 Must-Have HRM Policies
- Project and Supply Chain Management
- Top 20 Project Management Case Studies
- 10 Innovative Supply Chain Projects
- Latest Management Project Topics
- 10 Project Management Project Ideas
- 6 Types of Supply Chain Models
- Top 10 Advantages of SCM
- Top 10 Supply Chain Books
- What is Project Description?
- Top 10 Project Management Companies
- Best Project Management Courses Online
- Salaries and Career Paths in Management
- Project Manager Salary in India
- Average Product Manager Salary India
- Supply Chain Management Salary India
- Salary After BBA in India
- PGDM Salary in India
- Top 7 Career Options in Management
- CSPO Certification Cost
- Why Choose Product Management?
- Product Management in Pharma
- Product Design in Operations Management
- Industry-Specific Management and Case Studies
- Amazon Business Case Study
- Service Delivery Manager Job
- Product Management Examples
- Product Management in Automobiles
- Product Management in Banking
- Sample SOP for Business Management
- Video Game Design Components
- Top 5 Business Courses India
- Free Management Online Course
- SCM Interview Q&A
- Fundamentals and Types of Law
- Acceptance in Contract Law
- Offer in Contract Law
- 9 Types of Evidence
- Types of Law in India
- Introduction to Contract Law
- Negotiable Instrument Act
- Corporate Tax Basics
- Intellectual Property Law
- Workmen Compensation Explained
- Lawyer vs Advocate Difference
- Law Education and Courses
- LLM Subjects & Syllabus
- Corporate Law Subjects
- LLM Course Duration
- Top 10 Online LLM Courses
- Online LLM Degree
- Step-by-Step Guide to Studying Law
- Top 5 Law Books to Read
- Why Legal Studies?
- Pursuing a Career in Law
- How to Become Lawyer in India
- Career Options and Salaries in Law
- Career Options in Law India
- Corporate Lawyer Salary India
- How To Become a Corporate Lawyer
- Career in Law: Starting, Salary
- Career Opportunities: Corporate Law
- Business Lawyer: Role & Salary Info
- Average Lawyer Salary India
- Top Career Options for Lawyers
- Types of Lawyers in India
- Steps to Become SC Lawyer in India
- Tutorials
- C Tutorials
- Recursion in C: Fibonacci Series
- Checking String Palindromes in C
- Prime Number Program in C
- Implementing Square Root in C
- Matrix Multiplication in C
- Understanding Double Data Type
- Factorial of a Number in C
- Structure of a C Program
- Building a Calculator Program in C
- Compiling C Programs on Linux
- Java Tutorials
- Handling String Input in Java
- Determining Even and Odd Numbers
- Prime Number Checker
- Sorting a String
- User-Defined Exceptions
- Understanding the Thread Life Cycle
- Swapping Two Numbers
- Using Final Classes
- Area of a Triangle
- Skills
- Software Engineering
- JavaScript
- Data Structure
- React.js
- Core Java
- Node.js
- Blockchain
- SQL
- Full stack development
- Devops
- NFT
- BigData
- Cyber Security
- Cloud Computing
- Database Design with MySQL
- Cryptocurrency
- Python
- Digital Marketings
- Advertising
- Influencer Marketing
- Search Engine Optimization
- Performance Marketing
- Search Engine Marketing
- Email Marketing
- Content Marketing
- Social Media Marketing
- Display Advertising
- Marketing Analytics
- Web Analytics
- Affiliate Marketing
- MBA
- MBA in Finance
- MBA in HR
- MBA in Marketing
- MBA in Business Analytics
- MBA in Operations Management
- MBA in International Business
- MBA in Information Technology
- MBA in Healthcare Management
- MBA In General Management
- MBA in Agriculture
- MBA in Supply Chain Management
- MBA in Entrepreneurship
- MBA in Project Management
- Management Program
- Consumer Behaviour
- Supply Chain Management
- Financial Analytics
- Introduction to Fintech
- Introduction to HR Analytics
- Fundamentals of Communication
- Art of Effective Communication
- Introduction to Research Methodology
- Mastering Sales Technique
- Business Communication
- Fundamentals of Journalism
- Economics Masterclass
- Free Courses
SQL Tutorials - Everything to Know
Updated on 24 November, 2022
5.2K+ views
• 7 min read
Table of Contents
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard computer language for relational databases like MySQL, Oracle, and MS Access. The primary purpose of SQL is to store, manipulate and retrieve data from the databases. SQL is used to create, delete and modify databases. SQL also makes it easier for the users to define the data in relational databases, describe it and alter it. In simple words, the main purpose of using the SQL programming language is to communicate with a database.
Check out our free courses related to software development.
Explore Our Software Development Free Courses
Here is what you can use SQL for:
- Executing queries against a database
- Creating new databases
- Creating tables in the database
- Creating views in a database
- Deleting records in a database
- Inserting records into a database
- Retrieving data from a database
- Updating records in a database
- Creating stored procedures and views in the database
- Creating permissions for viewing tables in a database.
The standard SQL is that of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). However, different versions of SQL comprise major commands like select, delete, update, and insert. The foundation of using SQL is the relational database management system (RDBMS) that stores database objects in the tabular format which is nothing but a collection of different rows and columns that contains information about related data entries.
SQL Tutorial
Before we deep dive into the components of SQL, let us understand the SQL query processing briefly:
An SQL structure contains four main components – a query dispatcher, optimization engine, classic query engine, and SQL query engine.
In query processing, the high-level queries are translated into low-level expressions. All the activities involved in the extraction of data from a database are added in query processing.
Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses
Here is how query processing in SQL works.
Parsing and Optimising:-
The first step in query processing is parsing wherein the query is converted into regional algebra, followed by database checks like syntax, semantic and shared pool check (to confirm written hash codes in the pool). The syntax check is used to determine the syntactic validity of the query whereas the purpose of a semantic check is to confirm that the statement has a definite meaning.
Next comes optimisation of the parse, during which the examination of several query examination plans is done to determine the most efficient query plan for the analysis.
Execution:-
After the optimizer passes the lowest cost query plan for execution, the execution engine runs the query and displays the final result at the end.
SQL Concepts
The following are some of the most critical SQL RDBMS concepts that you must learn in an SQL Tutorial.
Field:-
The entries in a table are subdivided into different categories that contain specific information.
Row and column:-
Every individual horizontal entry in a table is called a row Ora record of data whereas vertical entries are referred to as columns.
Constraints:-
In SQL, constraints mean the rules or limitations applied to data entries in rows or columns. The purpose of using constraints is to restrict the type of data that can be added as entries in a table.
Primary and foreign keys:-
Primary keys in SQL are unique languages used to uniquely identify rows or columns. A foreign key or reference key is used to link two tables.
Learn Software Development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs or Masters Programs to fast-track your career.
In-Demand Software Development Skills
How to Create a New Table in SQL?
Here are the steps you need to follow to create a new table in SQL.
Specifying new relation:-
The first step to creating a table in SQL is to specify a new relation. You must start by providing a to the relation, mentioning attributes and the initial constraints on data entries. Then you can create base tables.
Creating schema:-
The next step is to create a schema, which is a list of logical structures in SQL containing database objects like tables, stored procedures, functions, views and triggers.
Adding information and constraints to the columns:-
The last step is to add information to columns by adding column name, its type, keys, and constraints.
The syntax for creating a table is SQL RDBMS is
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
….
);
SQL Syntax
The unique set of rules and guidelines to write statements in SQL is called syntax. The following is the syntax for various statements in SQL.
SQL SELECT Statement:
SELECT column1, column2….columnN
FROM table_name;
SQL DISTINCT Clause:
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2….columnN
FROM table_name;
SQL WHERE Clause:
SELECT column1, column2….columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION;
SQL AND/OR Clause:
SELECT column1, column2….columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION-1 {AND|OR} CONDITION-2;
SQL DELETE Statement:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE {CONDITION};
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement:
ALTER TABLE table_name {ADD|DROP|MODIFY} column_name {data_ype};
SQL INSERT INTO Statement:
INSERT INTO table_name( column1, column2….columnN)
VALUES ( value1, value2….valueN);
SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement
CREATE DATABASE database_name;,
- The syntax to create a database in SQL is CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName;
- To drop or delete a database, the syntax is DROP DATABASE DatabaseName;
- The syntax to select a database is USE DatabaseName;
- The syntax to drop a table is DROP TABLE table_name;
- For inserting query in a database, the two syntax that can be used are
- INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,…columnN)]
- VALUES (value1, value2, value3,…valueN);
- The syntax to select query is SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;
- Syntax for AND or OR operators is SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition1] AND [condition2]…AND [conditionN];
- Syntax to update query is UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2…., columnN = valueN
WHERE [condition];
- Syntax to delete a query is DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE [condition];
- Syntax for sorting results in SQL is SELECT column-list
FROM table_name
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY column1, column2, .. columnN] [ASC | DESC];
Popular Articles related to Software Development
SQL Operators
Specific operations in SQL like comparison or arithmetic operations are done with the help of the SQL operator – a reserved character or word in the WHERE clause. They are generally used as conjunctions for adding multiple conditions in a statement.
Arithmetic operators
- + operator is used to add values on either side of the operator.
- – operator subtracts the right-side value from the left one.
- x operator is used to multiply the values.
- / operator is used to divide the right-hand value from the left one.
- The % operator is used to divide the value and provides a remainder.
Comparison operators
- = operator checks whether the two values are equal or not. If the values are the same, the condition becomes true. Example: (a = b) is not true.
- != this operator checks if the values are equal. If the values are not the same, the condition becomes true. Example: (a != b) is true.
- <> this operator also checks if the values are equal. If not, the condition becomes true. Example: (a <> b) is true.
- > this operator is used to check if the left value is greater than the right value.
- < checks if the left value is less than the right value, then the condition is true.
- !< checks if the left value is not less than the right value, then the condition becomes true. Example: (a !< b) is false.
- !> is used to check if the left value is not greater than the right value, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Logical operators
- ALL compares a value to the other values in a set.
- AND is used to create multiple conditions in the WHERE clause.
- ANY compares a value to other values in the list.
- EXISTS is used to search a row in a table under specified conditions.
- UNIQUE is used to search every row of a table to ensure that no value is repeated.
Conclusion
SQL is often used as a data definition and a data manipulation language that allows users to create new databases and make changes in existing relational databases. It is also used to control data to protect it from misuse. Businesses commonly use the SQL language for data analysis, back-end development, and database administration. Therefore, if you are interested in data and want to pursue a career in data science, it is pertinent to know SQL basics.
You can study SQL in-depth and learn its practical application with the Executive PG Programme in Full Stack Development by upGrad. This course will help you learn about various programming languages even if you do not have previous coding experience.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is SQL?
Structured query language or SQL is a standard language for databases. It allows users to search, update, insert or delete records in relational databases. In addition to this, users can also create new databases and add constraints for a protected view of data.
2. What is the benefit of learning SQL?
SQL will be beneficial if you wish to pursue a career in data science. Learning SQL makes you eligible for different job roles like database administrator, data scientist, data analyst, and software developer.
RELATED PROGRAMS