Explore Courses
Liverpool Business SchoolLiverpool Business SchoolMBA by Liverpool Business School
  • 18 Months
Bestseller
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityMBA (Master of Business Administration)
  • 15 Months
Popular
O.P.Jindal Global UniversityO.P.Jindal Global UniversityMaster of Business Administration (MBA)
  • 12 Months
New
Birla Institute of Management Technology Birla Institute of Management Technology Post Graduate Diploma in Management (BIMTECH)
  • 24 Months
Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool John Moores UniversityMS in Data Science
  • 18 Months
Popular
IIIT BangaloreIIIT BangalorePost Graduate Programme in Data Science & AI (Executive)
  • 12 Months
Bestseller
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityDBA in Emerging Technologies with concentration in Generative AI
  • 3 Years
upGradupGradData Science Bootcamp with AI
  • 6 Months
New
University of MarylandIIIT BangalorePost Graduate Certificate in Data Science & AI (Executive)
  • 8-8.5 Months
upGradupGradData Science Bootcamp with AI
  • 6 months
Popular
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutData Engineer Bootcamp
  • Self-Paced
upGradupGradCertificate Course in Business Analytics & Consulting in association with PwC India
  • 06 Months
OP Jindal Global UniversityOP Jindal Global UniversityMaster of Design in User Experience Design
  • 12 Months
Popular
WoolfWoolfMaster of Science in Computer Science
  • 18 Months
New
Jindal Global UniversityJindal Global UniversityMaster of Design in User Experience
  • 12 Months
New
Rushford, GenevaRushford Business SchoolDBA Doctorate in Technology (Computer Science)
  • 36 Months
IIIT BangaloreIIIT BangaloreCloud Computing and DevOps Program (Executive)
  • 8 Months
New
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutAWS Solutions Architect Certification
  • 32 Hours
upGradupGradFull Stack Software Development Bootcamp
  • 6 Months
Popular
upGradupGradUI/UX Bootcamp
  • 3 Months
upGradupGradCloud Computing Bootcamp
  • 7.5 Months
Golden Gate University Golden Gate University Doctor of Business Administration in Digital Leadership
  • 36 Months
New
Jindal Global UniversityJindal Global UniversityMaster of Design in User Experience
  • 12 Months
New
Golden Gate University Golden Gate University Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
  • 36 Months
Bestseller
Ecole Supérieure de Gestion et Commerce International ParisEcole Supérieure de Gestion et Commerce International ParisDoctorate of Business Administration (DBA)
  • 36 Months
Rushford, GenevaRushford Business SchoolDoctorate of Business Administration (DBA)
  • 36 Months
KnowledgeHut upGradKnowledgeHut upGradSAFe® 6.0 Certified ScrumMaster (SSM) Training
  • Self-Paced
KnowledgeHut upGradKnowledgeHut upGradPMP® certification
  • Self-Paced
IIM KozhikodeIIM KozhikodeProfessional Certification in HR Management and Analytics
  • 6 Months
Bestseller
Duke CEDuke CEPost Graduate Certificate in Product Management
  • 4-8 Months
Bestseller
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutLeading SAFe® 6.0 Certification
  • 16 Hours
Popular
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutCertified ScrumMaster®(CSM) Training
  • 16 Hours
Bestseller
PwCupGrad CampusCertification Program in Financial Modelling & Analysis in association with PwC India
  • 4 Months
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutSAFe® 6.0 POPM Certification
  • 16 Hours
O.P.Jindal Global UniversityO.P.Jindal Global UniversityMaster of Science in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
  • 12 Months
Bestseller
Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool John Moores University MS in Machine Learning & AI
  • 18 Months
Popular
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityDBA in Emerging Technologies with concentration in Generative AI
  • 3 Years
IIIT BangaloreIIIT BangaloreExecutive Post Graduate Programme in Machine Learning & AI
  • 13 Months
Bestseller
IIITBIIITBExecutive Program in Generative AI for Leaders
  • 4 Months
upGradupGradAdvanced Certificate Program in GenerativeAI
  • 4 Months
New
IIIT BangaloreIIIT BangalorePost Graduate Certificate in Machine Learning & Deep Learning (Executive)
  • 8 Months
Bestseller
Jindal Global UniversityJindal Global UniversityMaster of Design in User Experience
  • 12 Months
New
Liverpool Business SchoolLiverpool Business SchoolMBA with Marketing Concentration
  • 18 Months
Bestseller
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityMBA with Marketing Concentration
  • 15 Months
Popular
MICAMICAAdvanced Certificate in Digital Marketing and Communication
  • 6 Months
Bestseller
MICAMICAAdvanced Certificate in Brand Communication Management
  • 5 Months
Popular
upGradupGradDigital Marketing Accelerator Program
  • 05 Months
Jindal Global Law SchoolJindal Global Law SchoolLL.M. in Corporate & Financial Law
  • 12 Months
Bestseller
Jindal Global Law SchoolJindal Global Law SchoolLL.M. in AI and Emerging Technologies (Blended Learning Program)
  • 12 Months
Jindal Global Law SchoolJindal Global Law SchoolLL.M. in Intellectual Property & Technology Law
  • 12 Months
Jindal Global Law SchoolJindal Global Law SchoolLL.M. in Dispute Resolution
  • 12 Months
upGradupGradContract Law Certificate Program
  • Self paced
New
ESGCI, ParisESGCI, ParisDoctorate of Business Administration (DBA) from ESGCI, Paris
  • 36 Months
Golden Gate University Golden Gate University Doctor of Business Administration From Golden Gate University, San Francisco
  • 36 Months
Rushford Business SchoolRushford Business SchoolDoctor of Business Administration from Rushford Business School, Switzerland)
  • 36 Months
Edgewood CollegeEdgewood CollegeDoctorate of Business Administration from Edgewood College
  • 24 Months
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityDBA in Emerging Technologies with Concentration in Generative AI
  • 36 Months
Golden Gate University Golden Gate University DBA in Digital Leadership from Golden Gate University, San Francisco
  • 36 Months
Liverpool Business SchoolLiverpool Business SchoolMBA by Liverpool Business School
  • 18 Months
Bestseller
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityMBA (Master of Business Administration)
  • 15 Months
Popular
O.P.Jindal Global UniversityO.P.Jindal Global UniversityMaster of Business Administration (MBA)
  • 12 Months
New
Deakin Business School and Institute of Management Technology, GhaziabadDeakin Business School and IMT, GhaziabadMBA (Master of Business Administration)
  • 12 Months
Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool John Moores UniversityMS in Data Science
  • 18 Months
Bestseller
O.P.Jindal Global UniversityO.P.Jindal Global UniversityMaster of Science in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
  • 12 Months
Bestseller
IIIT BangaloreIIIT BangalorePost Graduate Programme in Data Science (Executive)
  • 12 Months
Bestseller
O.P.Jindal Global UniversityO.P.Jindal Global UniversityO.P.Jindal Global University
  • 12 Months
WoolfWoolfMaster of Science in Computer Science
  • 18 Months
New
Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool John Moores University MS in Machine Learning & AI
  • 18 Months
Popular
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityDBA in Emerging Technologies with concentration in Generative AI
  • 3 Years
Rushford, GenevaRushford Business SchoolDoctorate of Business Administration (AI/ML)
  • 36 Months
Ecole Supérieure de Gestion et Commerce International ParisEcole Supérieure de Gestion et Commerce International ParisDBA Specialisation in AI & ML
  • 36 Months
Golden Gate University Golden Gate University Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
  • 36 Months
Bestseller
Ecole Supérieure de Gestion et Commerce International ParisEcole Supérieure de Gestion et Commerce International ParisDoctorate of Business Administration (DBA)
  • 36 Months
Rushford, GenevaRushford Business SchoolDoctorate of Business Administration (DBA)
  • 36 Months
Liverpool Business SchoolLiverpool Business SchoolMBA with Marketing Concentration
  • 18 Months
Bestseller
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityMBA with Marketing Concentration
  • 15 Months
Popular
Jindal Global Law SchoolJindal Global Law SchoolLL.M. in Corporate & Financial Law
  • 12 Months
Bestseller
Jindal Global Law SchoolJindal Global Law SchoolLL.M. in Intellectual Property & Technology Law
  • 12 Months
Jindal Global Law SchoolJindal Global Law SchoolLL.M. in Dispute Resolution
  • 12 Months
IIITBIIITBExecutive Program in Generative AI for Leaders
  • 4 Months
New
IIIT BangaloreIIIT BangaloreExecutive Post Graduate Programme in Machine Learning & AI
  • 13 Months
Bestseller
upGradupGradData Science Bootcamp with AI
  • 6 Months
New
upGradupGradAdvanced Certificate Program in GenerativeAI
  • 4 Months
New
KnowledgeHut upGradKnowledgeHut upGradSAFe® 6.0 Certified ScrumMaster (SSM) Training
  • Self-Paced
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutCertified ScrumMaster®(CSM) Training
  • 16 Hours
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutLeading SAFe® 6.0 Certification
  • 16 Hours
KnowledgeHut upGradKnowledgeHut upGradPMP® certification
  • Self-Paced
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutAWS Solutions Architect Certification
  • 32 Hours
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutAzure Administrator Certification (AZ-104)
  • 24 Hours
KnowledgeHut upGradKnowledgeHut upGradAWS Cloud Practioner Essentials Certification
  • 1 Week
KnowledgeHut upGradKnowledgeHut upGradAzure Data Engineering Training (DP-203)
  • 1 Week
MICAMICAAdvanced Certificate in Digital Marketing and Communication
  • 6 Months
Bestseller
MICAMICAAdvanced Certificate in Brand Communication Management
  • 5 Months
Popular
IIM KozhikodeIIM KozhikodeProfessional Certification in HR Management and Analytics
  • 6 Months
Bestseller
Duke CEDuke CEPost Graduate Certificate in Product Management
  • 4-8 Months
Bestseller
Loyola Institute of Business Administration (LIBA)Loyola Institute of Business Administration (LIBA)Executive PG Programme in Human Resource Management
  • 11 Months
Popular
Goa Institute of ManagementGoa Institute of ManagementExecutive PG Program in Healthcare Management
  • 11 Months
IMT GhaziabadIMT GhaziabadAdvanced General Management Program
  • 11 Months
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityProfessional Certificate in Global Business Management
  • 6-8 Months
upGradupGradContract Law Certificate Program
  • Self paced
New
IU, GermanyIU, GermanyMaster of Business Administration (90 ECTS)
  • 18 Months
Bestseller
IU, GermanyIU, GermanyMaster in International Management (120 ECTS)
  • 24 Months
Popular
IU, GermanyIU, GermanyB.Sc. Computer Science (180 ECTS)
  • 36 Months
Clark UniversityClark UniversityMaster of Business Administration
  • 23 Months
New
Golden Gate UniversityGolden Gate UniversityMaster of Business Administration
  • 20 Months
Clark University, USClark University, USMS in Project Management
  • 20 Months
New
Edgewood CollegeEdgewood CollegeMaster of Business Administration
  • 23 Months
The American Business SchoolThe American Business SchoolMBA with specialization
  • 23 Months
New
Aivancity ParisAivancity ParisMSc Artificial Intelligence Engineering
  • 24 Months
Aivancity ParisAivancity ParisMSc Data Engineering
  • 24 Months
The American Business SchoolThe American Business SchoolMBA with specialization
  • 23 Months
New
Aivancity ParisAivancity ParisMSc Artificial Intelligence Engineering
  • 24 Months
Aivancity ParisAivancity ParisMSc Data Engineering
  • 24 Months
upGradupGradData Science Bootcamp with AI
  • 6 Months
Popular
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutData Engineer Bootcamp
  • Self-Paced
upGradupGradFull Stack Software Development Bootcamp
  • 6 Months
Bestseller
KnowledgeHut upGradKnowledgeHut upGradBackend Development Bootcamp
  • Self-Paced
upGradupGradUI/UX Bootcamp
  • 3 Months
upGradupGradCloud Computing Bootcamp
  • 7.5 Months
PwCupGrad CampusCertification Program in Financial Modelling & Analysis in association with PwC India
  • 5 Months
upGrad KnowledgeHutupGrad KnowledgeHutSAFe® 6.0 POPM Certification
  • 16 Hours
upGradupGradDigital Marketing Accelerator Program
  • 05 Months
upGradupGradAdvanced Certificate Program in GenerativeAI
  • 4 Months
New
upGradupGradData Science Bootcamp with AI
  • 6 Months
Popular
upGradupGradFull Stack Software Development Bootcamp
  • 6 Months
Bestseller
upGradupGradUI/UX Bootcamp
  • 3 Months
PwCupGrad CampusCertification Program in Financial Modelling & Analysis in association with PwC India
  • 4 Months
upGradupGradCertificate Course in Business Analytics & Consulting in association with PwC India
  • 06 Months
upGradupGradDigital Marketing Accelerator Program
  • 05 Months

Stratified Randomization For Clinical Trials: Everything You Need to Know

Updated on 03 July, 2023

6.91K+ views
10 min read

Stratification is a process of arranging or classifying something into disparate groups. Sampling is a process of taking samples from a larger population or events for analysis. It can be random or systematic sampling. In statistics, it is used to create a subgroup from a larger group based on a pre-decided number of observations or characteristics to proceed with the analysis being performed. 

Clinical trials, in particular, are essential in expanding scientific understanding and improving patient outcomes. One critical component of creating efficient research is ensuring that participants are assigned to various treatment groups in a balanced and representative manner. This is where stratified randomization can help.

What is Stratified Randomization? 

Stratified randomization is a strategy that divides the research population into subgroups based on particular criteria and then assigns participants within each stratum to various treatment groups at random. Researchers can improve the validity of their findings, eliminate bias, and give more precise comparisons between treatment groups by using stratified randomization.

Advantages of Stratified Randomization

  • Reduction of Selection Bias: Stratified randomization lowers selection bias by ensuring that participant characteristics are represented and balanced across treatment groups.
  • Enhanced Generalizability: By guaranteeing that each treatment group is representative of the whole research population, stratified randomization increases the generalizability of study findings.
  • Statistical Power Increased: Balanced treatment groups created using stratified randomization increase the study’s statistical power, allowing for more reliable and accurate results.

Limitations of Stratified Randomization

  • Increased Complexity: Stratified randomization adds complexity to research design and execution, including carefully considering stratification criteria and allocation procedures.
  • Choosing the Right Stratification Elements: Choosing the correct stratification elements might be difficult. Researchers must discover important characteristics that significantly influence the study’s outcome.
  • Potential Interactions: Stratification variables may interact with treatment effects, which must be carefully evaluated throughout the randomization process.

Depending on particular criteria, the population is divided into homogenous subgroups or strata, and a proportionate number of participants are chosen from each stratum. 

The goal of proportional stratified sampling is to increase estimated precision and accuracy by capturing heterogeneity in distinct subgroups of the population. By stratifying the population, researchers can account for population variety and guarantee that each subgroup is adequately represented in the sample

Proportional stratified random sampling is a survey research technique that divides a population into discrete subgroups or strata and then randomly selects participants from each stratum in proportion to their representation in the population. This sampling strategy guarantees that the sample accurately reflects the diversity and features of the total population while retaining the proper proportions of each subgroup.

Disproportionate sampling stratified, seeks to assign sample size proportionately across strata, purposely providing a greater sample size to select subgroups that are more important or have a lesser representation in the population.

Simplified Versus Stratified Random Sampling

A simple random sampling involves a sample of subjects from the population. In this, the subjects are chosen randomly from the existing population and are selected for the sample. This process of selecting random subjects for research or analysis is a fair representation of the population. However, when it comes to the samples of a widely varied population, stratified randomization sampling is preferable.

When the population can’t be categorised into subcategories because of too many differences, or lack of information about the population, then researchers or investigators prefer simplified random sampling over stratified randomization sampling.

Stratified randomization is a subcategory of stratified sampling. It is a process of sampling the complete population being studied into subgroups, considering the same traits, or peculiarities, or attributes, like economic status or level of education, known as strata. This leads to simple random sampling. In simple random sampling, researchers unbiasedly select each attribute within the strata or subgroup during the process of sampling. This selection can be done at any stage of the process randomly.

Need for Patient Stratification in Drug Development

The drug discovery paradigm is not only expensive but time taking. After the Covid-19 pandemic, people realise the need for change in the world of drug testing and development. Lack of efficiency in the procedure is one of the major contributors to the overall failure rate of drug testing and developments. There are two primary reasons for the efficacy failure. 

The first one is that the researcher did not achieve the required pharmacology. The second one is the mechanism targeted by the researching agent did not essentially contribute to the disease in the tested subject population. 

The second issue occurs mostly because of an inadequate study of power stemming from subject heterogeneity. If the subcategory of diseased subjects driven by the procedure that is likely to respond to the drug can be recognised and gets selected before initiating the enrollment, then it will lead to improvement in response rate. It will lead to a minimisation of the number of subjects at risk of side effects, as well as improve the drug approval percentages.

Stratified Randomization in Clinical Trials

When shared attributes or characteristics vary widely, or exist partially between subgroups of the analysed population, and the variation is enough to require exclusive considerations or clear distinction, then stratified randomization is recommended by the experts.

In clinical investigations, the sampling method needs to be distinguished from cluster sampling. In this, researchers choose a simple random sample of multiple clusters to represent the population, or systematic sampling is done after the stratification process, also known as stratified systematic sampling. It is also known as quota random sampling.

Complications in Clinical Trial

No one has the resources to test a vaccine or drug or treatment on the entire human population, and therefore clinical tests and trials are performed on a limited set of the population that reflects the potential population for the drug in question.

One of the most important statistical and logistical challenges of carrying out clinical trials is ensuring that the data accurately represents the drugs’ potential population. For example, if the drug is being tested for a geriatric population, then the sample must represent that particular population.

Or, if the drug is being tested for kids, the sample must represent that particular population, and so on. Whatever the group of potential patients is, an investigator or analyst wants to ensure that the aim of these clinical trials is to figure out the impact of drugs with utmost accuracy. Patient stratification is the solution for such scenarios.

Patient Stratification

The importance of patient stratification is clearly valued in clinical trials. It is the practice of categorising people and results by a parameter other than the provided treatment. It is used to confirm the unbiased allocation of subgroups of humans to trial or investigation. It can be age, gender, ethnicity, medical history, or any other demographic parameter. 

Patient stratification is the process of segmenting potential patient groups into subgroups, also known as strata, or blocks. Each stratum represents a section of the potential patient population.

Post strata establishment, analysts consider multiple approaches for identifying suitable test subjects.

Stratified Proportionate Sampling

A combination of stratified proportionate sampling and randomized stratification is a method of ensuring that the test population reflects the wider population, without the requirement of further statistical manipulation. 

In stratified proportionate sampling, the percentage of the people selected from each stratum is proportionate to the percentage of the population in that strata. For example, if thirty per cent of the likely patients are male, then thirty per cent of tested people would be male. It doesn’t necessarily confirm the validity of results, because there are other different factors. However, it eliminates the requirement for an extra statistical process.

Disproportionate Stratification Sampling

Sometimes, particular strata might represent a smaller proportion of the population. In such scenarios, stratified proportionate sampling may not provide valid results. For instance, a hundred subjects are going for the trial test, and one per cent of the potential population is over fifty, then a proportionate sample would include only one person over fifty.

In such cases, even though as a whole might be a large enough number to figure out a reliable conclusion, a small sample in that group might make the results unreliable. In certain scenarios, the researchers prefer disproportionate stratification sampling, because it helps in determining valid results by not applying proportionate stratification sampling.

Checkout: Different Specializations of Data Science

Quota vs Convenience

Finding and enrolling the right pool of test subjects is one of the most important factors in the world of drug testing and development. Using the right search tool for accurate genetic data helps to refine the data further. It is a common problem faced by researchers when performing patient stratification.

An easier and inexpensive method to enrol is to take a test sample that is easily available. However, it can primarily undermine the results of the trial. For relevant and accurate research, it is essential to apply stratification, and use the right sophisticated tools to analyse the results. 

It is important to choose accuracy over convenience anytime when it comes to human health and welfare.

Stratified Randomization in Data Science

Stratified Randomization is an essential branch of data science. Industries and businesses are finding the application of data science increasingly useful. Therefore, a lot of beginners, as well as professionals are seeking certification, diploma, degree, or even a doctorate in data science.

If you are looking for an internship or your first job in an analytics company or a corporation’s analytics department, then a course in data science might be helpful. The best part is that just like MBA, data science is not limited to any industry. Be it Edtech, Fintech, or Health-tech, data scientists are needed and valued everywhere. It can be a great add-on for many professions.

Stratified random sampling is a sophisticated method used by investigating agents or testers to find a sample population that best represents the entire population being studied. Stratified random sampling is a process of dividing the entire population into homogeneous groups called strata. Simple random sampling differs from stratified randomization sampling. It involves the random selection of data from an entire population, so each possible sample is equally likely to occur.

Also Read: Data Science Life Cycle

upGrad’s Exclusive Data Science Webinar for you –

How upGrad helps for your Data Science Career?

Conclusion

Stratified Randomization is a branch of data science that is utilised to make various decisions. upGrad offers multiple courses in data science and business analytics. Many of these courses cover stratified randomization sampling, along with several other important topics. These courses are available for multiple levels. Depending on the convenience and requirement, one can easily opt to do a short course of merely six months, or a detailed course of almost two years.

Stratified randomization guarantees an accurate estimation of variables that may impact the research outcome by separating the study population into strata based on relevant features and randomly assigning participants to various treatment groups. 

This method improves the study’s internal validity, minimizes biases, and gives more reliable comparisons between treatment groups. To boost the trustworthiness of their findings and expand scientific knowledge rigorously and impartially, researchers should consider employing stratified randomization as a best practice.

If you have doubts, then upGrad provides counsellor help and customer support to resolve all your queries. To make it easier, upGrad also offers a no-cost EMI option with most of the courses, as well as job assistance. Join today for a better tomorrow! 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. When do you stratify randomization?

- For established characteristics that influence prognosis or treatment responsiveness, stratified randomization prevents imbalance between treatment groups. As a result, stratification may reduce type I error and increase power in short trials (under 400 patients), but only if the stratification factors have a significant impact on prognosis.
- For active control equivalence trials, stratification has a significant impact on sample size, but not for superiority trials. Theoretical advantages include making subgroup analysis and interim analysis easier. Although the ideal number of strata is uncertain, experts say that it should be kept low.
- Modest studies in which treatment results may be altered by known clinical characteristics with a major effect on prognosis, large trials with interim analyses planned with small numbers of patients, and trials aimed to prove the equivalence of two medicines require stratified randomization.

2. What is the purpose of stratification in clinical trials?<br />

- Stratification can be used to ensure that subgroups of participants are randomly assigned to each experimental condition. Gender, age, and other demographic data may be used to accomplish this. Stratification can be used to eliminate confounding variables (variables not studied by the researcher), making it easier to find and evaluate correlations between variables in the study.
- For example, in a fitness research wherein age and gender were believed to impact the outcomes, the confounding variable may be used to divide participants into groups. One drawback of this strategy is that it necessitates knowledge of the factors that must be controlled.

3. How many strata are in stratified randomization?

- Strata should be kept to a bare minimum. It is typically advised that between one and five factors (i.e. randomization variables) be used, with each component having between two and four levels. Typically, one or two stratification criteria are recommended. There is no requirement that the number of patients in each tier be equal.
- Choose the most significant clinical factors rather than attempting to balance all of them. There may be too few patients in each stratum if there are too many strata. In the worst-case scenario, each layer could have only one — or even no — patient.