Top Python Libraries for Machine Learning for Efficient Model Development in 2025

You might be familiar with facial recognition systems used in smartphones today for biometric security. Did you know these systems usually rely on machine learning models trained using massive amounts of image data?

Interestingly, developers building these machine learning models have shown a great deal of preference for Python libraries. Python’s simplicity, combined with its robust ecosystem of libraries, has made it an indispensable tool for developing and deploying machine learning solutions. In fact, Python maintains its position as one of the most popular programming languages among developers, with a usage rate of 51%.

In this article, you will learn about the top Python ML libraries of 2025, categorizing them by their functionality. Whether you're a student or a working professional, this guide will help you choose the right tools to supercharge your ML career.

What is a Python Library?

A Python library is a collection of pre-written modules or functions designed to solve specific tasks, making programming and machine learning simpler and faster. Instead of starting from scratch, you can import these libraries into your project to access their functionality. Python libraries for machine learning are particularly valued in machine learning for their ability to streamline processes like data manipulation, visualization, and model development.

Also Read: Top 9 Machine Learning Libraries You Should Know About

Top Python Libraries for Machine Learning for Efficient Model Development in 2025

Python offers a variety of powerful libraries to develop efficient machine learning models, each tailored to specific aspects of model development. These libraries play crucial roles in tasks ranging from data manipulation to complex model building.

 Below are some of the top Python libraries, categorized based on their functionality, that will continue to be essential for machine learning in 2025.

Which Python ML Libraries are Used for Data Manipulation and Analysis?

Efficient data manipulation and analysis are the backbone of any successful machine-learning project. Python provides a suite of powerful libraries to handle data preprocessing, cleaning, and transformation, ensuring your models receive the right input. 

Here’s an in-depth look at the most popular libraries in this category.

NumPy 

NumPy (Numerical Python) is a foundational library for numerical computing in Python. It provides support for multi-dimensional arrays, matrices, and high-level mathematical functions that operate on these data structures.

It is used for:

• Efficient manipulation of large datasets, such as multi-dimensional arrays.
• Serving as the core dependency for libraries like Pandas, SciPy, and TensorFlow.

Advantages of NumPy:

• Highly optimized for numerical operations.
• Easy integration with other Python libraries.

Disadvantages of NumPy:

• Limited support for labeled data (compared to Pandas).
• Requires familiarity with array-based operations.

Pandas

Pandas is a powerful library for data manipulation and analysis. It is known for its easy-to-use DataFrame structure, which allows for intuitive handling of tabular data.

It is used for:

• Cleaning and transforming datasets (e.g., handling missing values, filtering rows).
• Aggregating and summarizing data for exploratory analysis.

Advantages of Pandas:

• Flexible and intuitive syntax for handling labeled data.
• Efficient handling of time-series data.

Disadvantages of Pandas:

• Performance may degrade with extremely large datasets.
• In-memory operations can be memory-intensive.

Example: In the finance sector, Pandas is frequently used to analyze stock market data, such as calculating moving averages or visualizing trading volumes over time.

SciPy

SciPy builds on NumPy to provide advanced scientific and engineering functions, including optimization, integration, and signal processing.

It is used for:

• Solving optimization problems in ML, such as hyperparameter tuning.
• Processing signals in audio and image analysis tasks.

Its advantages include:

• Broad range of scientific computing functions.
• Seamlessly interoperable with NumPy arrays.

Its disadvantages include:

• Steeper learning curve for advanced features.
• Lacks some of the intuitive data manipulation capabilities of Pandas.

Example: In healthcare, SciPy is used for analyzing patient data in predictive models, such as optimizing treatment plans using numerical methods.

Polars

Polars is a high-performance DataFrame library designed to handle large-scale data manipulation tasks efficiently. It uses a multi-threaded engine for faster execution.

It is used for:

• Manipulating and aggregating datasets with millions of rows.
• Handling workloads that require parallel computation.

Its advantages include:

• Significantly faster than Pandas for large datasets due to its Rust-based engine.
• Memory-efficient, making it ideal for big data applications.

Its disadvantages include:

• Newer library with fewer tutorials and a smaller community compared to Pandas.
• Limited third-party library integration.

Example: Polars is increasingly used in e-commerce for real-time analytics, such as tracking user behavior and generating recommendations for millions of users simultaneously.

These libraries are essential for anyone working with data in Python, ensuring efficient and effective manipulation to power your machine learning models.

Also Read: R vs Python Data Science: The Difference

Python Machine Learning Libraries for Data Visualization

Data visualization is a critical component of machine learning workflows. It helps in understanding data distributions, identifying patterns, and explaining model outputs effectively. Python offers several powerful libraries to meet these needs, ranging from creating simple plots to designing interactive dashboards.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is one of the oldest and most widely used libraries for creating static, animated, and interactive plots in Python. It serves as the foundation for many other visualization libraries, including Seaborn and Bokeh.

It is used for:

• Creating 2D plots such as line charts, bar graphs, scatter plots, and histograms.
• Customizing visualizations for reports or presentations.

Its advantages include:

• Highly customizable for any type of plot.
• Suitable for creating publication-ready plots.

Its disadvantages include:

• Verbose syntax compared to newer libraries.
• Limited support for interactive plots without additional tools.

Example: Matplotlib is often used in academic research to visualize experimental results, such as plotting the accuracy of machine learning models over multiple iterations.

Seaborn

Seaborn is built on top of Matplotlib and provides a high-level interface for creating aesthetically pleasing and statistically informative plots. It is particularly useful for exploring relationships between variables.

It is used for:

• Enhancing the aesthetics of plots with minimal effort.
• Simplifying the creation of complex plots like pair plots and violin plots.

Its advantages include:

• Easy-to-use syntax.
• Built-in themes for attractive visuals.

Its disadvantages include:

• Less customizable than Matplotlib for advanced plotting needs.
• Requires Matplotlib for certain functionalities.

Example: Seaborn is widely used in data analysis to explore correlations in financial datasets and help analysts make data-driven investment decisions.

Also Read: Data Analysis Using Python [Everything You Need to Know] 

Bokeh

Bokeh specializes in creating interactive, web-ready visualizations. It is well-suited for handling large datasets and building dashboards for real-time analytics.

It is used for:

• Building interactive charts and dashboards.
• Creating dynamic visualizations for web applications.

Its advantages include:

• Produces visualizations that are easily embedded into web pages.
• Can handle large datasets efficiently.

Its disadvantages include:

• Steeper learning curve for beginners compared to Matplotlib or Seaborn.
• Limited customization options for static plots.

Example: E-commerce platforms use Bokeh to visualize customer behavior in real time, such as tracking product clicks and sales trends.

Plotly

Plotly is a versatile library for creating interactive, publication-quality graphs. It supports multiple chart types and integrates seamlessly with Jupyter Notebooks.

It is used for:

• Designing dashboards for business intelligence.
• Supporting exploratory data analysis with interactivity.

Its advantages include:

• Highly interactive and visually appealing.
• Easy integration with Jupyter Notebooks.

Its disadvantages include:

• The free version has some limitations for enterprise use.
• May require familiarity with web-based visualization concepts.

Example: Plotly is extensively used in business intelligence to create dashboards that allow executives to monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) in real-time.

These libraries empower developers and analysts to convey insights effectively, making visualization a seamless part of the machine learning workflow.

Ready to boost your data science skills? Enroll in upGrad’s free course on Python Libraries: NumPy, Matplotlib, and Pandas today! Master the essential tools for data manipulation and visualization with expert guidance and practical projects.

Python Libraries for Machine Learning Frameworks

Machine learning frameworks simplify the complex process of building, training, and deploying models. Python offers a diverse set of libraries that cater to different ML tasks, from basic algorithms to advanced gradient-boosting techniques. Here's an overview of the top ML frameworks that drive innovation across industries.

Scikit-Learn

Scikit-learn is one of the most popular Python libraries for machine learning. It provides simple and efficient tools for data preprocessing, model building, and evaluation, making it suitable for beginners and experts alike.

It is used for:

• Preprocessing tasks like scaling, encoding, and imputation.
• Training machine learning models such as linear regression, and decision trees.

Its advantages include:

• Easy-to-use interface.
• Integrates seamlessly with Pandas and NumPy.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited support for deep learning.
• May not perform well with very large datasets.

Example: Scikit-learn is extensively used in predictive analytics, such as predicting customer churn in telecom using classification algorithms.

XGBoost

XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting) is a powerful library for gradient-boosting algorithms. Known for its speed and accuracy, it is a favorite in data science competitions like Kaggle.

It is used for:

• Handling tabular datasets in regression and classification tasks.
• Feature importance ranking for model explainability.

Its advantages include:

• Highly efficient for both small and large datasets.
• Built-in regularization to prevent overfitting.

Its disadvantages include:

• Requires hyperparameter tuning for optimal performance.
• Less beginner-friendly due to complexity.

Example: XGBoost is widely used in finance for credit risk modeling, where precise predictions and feature importance are critical.

LightGBM 

LightGBM is a gradient-boosting framework optimized for speed and efficiency. It is designed to handle large datasets with lower memory usage and faster computation.

It is used for:

• Training models for large-scale classification and regression problems.
• Real-time machine learning tasks due to its speed.

Its advantages include:

• Faster training times compared to XGBoost.
• Supports categorical features natively.

Its disadvantages include:

• May not perform well with small datasets.
• Sensitive to hyperparameters.

Example: E-commerce platforms use LightGBM for product recommendation systems, enabling personalized shopping experiences for millions of users.

CatBoost

CatBoost specializes in handling categorical features without extensive preprocessing. It is highly efficient and provides state-of-the-art performance for gradient-boosting tasks.

It is used for:

• Handling imbalanced datasets in classification tasks.
• Building interpretable models for business decision-making.

Its advantages include:

• Automatically handles categorical features without manual encoding.
• Performs well with imbalanced datasets.

Its disadvantages include:

• Slower training compared to LightGBM for large datasets.
• Smaller community support compared to XGBoost.

Example: CatBoost is used in marketing analytics for customer segmentation and personalized campaign targeting, where categorical data like demographics play a significant role.

These frameworks are indispensable for machine learning practitioners, offering tailored solutions for diverse tasks and datasets. Whether you're solving a small-scale problem or deploying large-scale systems, these libraries provide the tools to achieve optimal results.

Python ML Libraries for Deep Learning 

Deep learning is at the forefront of advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), enabling tasks like image recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous systems. Python offers several powerful libraries tailored for deep learning, each suited for specific use cases. Here's a closer look at the top libraries in this domain.

Theano

Theano is one of the earliest Python libraries designed for numerical computation and deep learning. It allows efficient mathematical operations on large multi-dimensional arrays and GPUs.

It is used for:

• Performing complex mathematical computations for neural networks.
• Serving as the base for higher-level libraries like Keras.
• Leveraging GPU acceleration for faster computations.

Its advantages include:

• Highly optimized for GPU computing.
• Robust for building custom neural networks.
• Pioneered features like symbolic differentiation.

Its disadvantages include:

• No longer actively maintained (as of 2017).
• Outperformed by newer frameworks in functionality and ease of use.

Example: Theano has been historically used in academic research to prototype early deep learning models, laying the groundwork for more modern frameworks.

TensorFlow

TensorFlow, developed by Google, is a versatile framework for building, training, and deploying machine learning models, especially deep learning models. It supports both symbolic and imperative programming.

It is used for:

• Training deep learning models for NLP, image recognition, and speech processing.
• Serving production environments with TensorFlow Extended (TFX).

Its advantages include:

• Extensive documentation and active community.
• Support for distributed computing and GPU/TPU acceleration.

Its disadvantages include:

• Steeper learning curve for beginners.
• High resource usage compared to lightweight frameworks.

Example: TensorFlow powers Google Translate's neural machine translation system, enabling real-time language translations.

Keras

Keras is a high-level API built on top of TensorFlow that simplifies building and prototyping deep learning models with an intuitive interface.

It is used for:

• Rapid prototyping of neural networks for tasks like image classification.
• Creating pre-trained models for transfer learning.

Its advantages include:

• Beginner-friendly and highly readable code.
• Extensive community support.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited flexibility compared to lower-level frameworks like PyTorch.
• Dependency on backend frameworks.

Example: Keras is widely used in healthcare for creating diagnostic models that identify diseases from medical images with high accuracy.

PyTorch

PyTorch, developed by Facebook AI, is a popular deep learning framework known for its dynamic computation graphs, making it ideal for research and experimentation.

It is used for:

• Training neural networks for NLP, computer vision, and reinforcement learning.
• Research in AI due to its flexibility and ease of debugging.

Its advantages include:

• Intuitive and Pythonic syntax.
• Dynamic graphs for greater flexibility.

Its disadvantages include:

• Slightly slower than TensorFlow in production environments.
• Smaller ecosystem for tools like mobile deployment.

Example: PyTorch is used by Tesla for training self-driving car models, leveraging real-time data processing.

FastAI

FastAI is built on PyTorch and designed to make deep learning accessible to practitioners. It simplifies complex tasks and offers state-of-the-art results with minimal code.

It is used for:

• Creating deep learning models with pre-built architectures like ResNet.
• Performing transfer learning for tasks like object detection.

Its advantages include:

• Extremely beginner-friendly.
• Pre-trained models and one-liner implementations.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited customization compared to PyTorch.
• Smaller community than TensorFlow or PyTorch.

Example: FastAI is commonly used in educational platforms to teach students about deep learning through practical projects.

Sonnet

Sonnet, developed by DeepMind, is a TensorFlow-based library designed for building modular and reusable neural network architectures.

It is used for:

• Research in AI and reinforcement learning.
• Creating hierarchical and modular neural networks.

Its advantages include:

• Modular and reusable components.
• Built with research in mind.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited adoption outside DeepMind.
• Steeper learning curve compared to other libraries.

Example: Sonnet is used in DeepMind’s AlphaGo project to build reinforcement learning models.

Dist-Keras

Dist-Keras is a distributed deep learning library built on Keras and Apache Spark. It enables training large-scale models across multiple nodes.

It is used for:

• Distributed training for large datasets.
• Scaling deep learning models in enterprise settings.

Its advantages include:

• Combines the simplicity of Keras with the scalability of Spark.
• Ideal for big data applications.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited documentation and examples.
• Steep learning curve for distributed computing.

Example: Dist-Keras is used in retail for large-scale customer behavior modeling and recommendation systems.

Caffe

Caffe is a deep learning framework optimized for image processing and computer vision tasks. It is known for its speed and modular design.

It is used for:

• Image classification and segmentation.
• Object detection tasks in real-time applications.

Its advantages include:

• Highly optimized for vision tasks.
• Extremely fast training and testing.

Its disadvantages include:

• Lacks flexibility for non-vision tasks.
• Smaller community compared to TensorFlow and PyTorch.

Example: Caffe is widely used in autonomous vehicles for real-time image recognition and object detection.

These libraries cater to diverse deep learning needs, ensuring efficient, scalable, and accurate model development across industries.

Also Read: Top 10 Deep Learning Frameworks in 2024 You Can't Ignore

Python Machine Learning Libraries for Specialized Tasks

Machine learning often requires addressing specific challenges that go beyond standard model training and evaluation. Specialized libraries in Python cater to such unique requirements, like graph visualization, statistical modeling, and data pipelines. Here's an overview of Python libraries designed for specialized tasks.

PyDot

PyDot is a Python library for creating and visualizing graphs and network structures. Built on Graphviz, it provides tools for rendering directed and undirected graphs with customizable layouts.

It is used for:

• Visualizing decision trees in machine learning models.
• Creating flowcharts and network diagrams for data processes.

Its advantages include:

• Easy integration with Python-based workflows.
• Highly customizable graph aesthetics.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited support for very large graphs.
• Dependency on Graphviz for rendering, which may require installation.

Example: PyDot is used in telecommunications to visualize network traffic and relationships between nodes, aiding in optimizing network efficiency.

Fuel

Fuel is a data pipeline library designed to facilitate feeding large datasets into deep learning models. It supports structured data formats like HDF5 and efficiently handles data preprocessing and batching.

It is used for:

• Feeding large datasets into neural networks during training.
• Managing data preprocessing and augmentation workflows.

Its advantages include:

• Optimized for handling large-scale data.
• Flexible preprocessing and batching options.

Its disadvantages include:

• Relatively smaller community and documentation compared to alternatives.
• Requires familiarity with HDF5 for optimal usage.

Example: Fuel is used in AI-driven genomics for streaming large-scale DNA sequence data into deep learning models, enabling faster analysis and prediction of genetic conditions.

StatsModels 

StatsModels is a Python library focused on statistical modeling, hypothesis testing, and data exploration. It provides tools for descriptive statistics, statistical tests, and model diagnostics.

It is used for:

• Conducting hypothesis testing for research studies.
• Performing exploratory data analysis (EDA) and diagnostics.

Its advantages include:

• Extensive support for advanced statistical methods.
• Detailed summaries and visualizations for models.

Its disadvantages include:

• Not designed for large-scale machine learning tasks.
• Slower computation for very large datasets.

Example: StatsModels is commonly used in social sciences to perform regression analysis for understanding relationships between variables, such as income and education level.

These specialized libraries cater to niche tasks, ensuring that Python remains a versatile tool for solving complex machine learning challenges across domains.

Python ML Libraries for Interactive and Web-Based Applications 

Interactive applications and dashboards make machine learning insights accessible to a broader audience, enabling real-time decision-making and better engagement. Python libraries like Streamlit and Dash simplify the process of turning ML models into web-based tools.

Streamlit

Streamlit is a Python library designed to build interactive web applications with minimal effort. It allows developers to turn data and models into web-based tools using simple Python scripts, eliminating the need for extensive web development knowledge.

It is used for:

• Creating interactive dashboards for real-time data exploration.
• Deploying machine learning models with dynamic inputs for predictions.

Its advantages include:

• Extremely easy to use; no HTML, CSS, or JavaScript required.
• Supports integration with ML libraries like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-learn.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited customization options compared to traditional web frameworks.
• Not ideal for complex multi-page applications.

Example: Streamlit is widely used in healthcare to deploy ML-powered diagnostic tools, allowing doctors to input patient data and get instant predictions for diseases like diabetes.

Dash

Dash, developed by Plotly, is a Python framework for building analytical web applications. It is ideal for creating interactive dashboards that include complex visualizations and data-driven insights.

It is used for:

• Building dashboards for monitoring ML model performance.
• Creating web applications for exploratory data analysis.

Its advantages include:

• Highly customizable with support for HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
• Scalable for large enterprise-level applications.

Its disadvantages include:

• Requires some knowledge of web development for advanced customizations.
• More complex to set up compared to Streamlit.

Example: Dash is often used in finance to create interactive dashboards that track stock market trends, visualize portfolio performance, and analyze market risks in real time.

Both libraries excel in bridging the gap between machine learning and user-friendly interfaces, ensuring your ML models and data are actionable and accessible.

Also Read: Top 10 Python Framework for Web Development

Python ML Natural Language Processing Libraries

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has become a cornerstone of AI applications, powering systems like chatbots, sentiment analysis tools, and machine translation. Python offers a variety of libraries tailored to different NLP tasks, ranging from beginner-friendly tools to advanced frameworks for large-scale processing.

Apache MXNet

Apache MXNet is a deep learning framework designed for efficiency and scalability. While not exclusively an NLP library, it provides the tools and flexibility to build and train NLP models at scale.

It is used for:

• Deploying NLP models in distributed systems for high-performance applications.
• Building embeddings for tasks like sentiment analysis.

Its advantages include:

• Highly scalable with distributed computing capabilities.
• Support for multiple programming languages, including Python.

Its disadvantages include:

• Smaller community compared to TensorFlow and PyTorch.
• Requires advanced knowledge for effective usage.

Example: Apache MXNet is used in large-scale translation systems like AWS Translate, where efficiency and scalability are critical for processing multilingual data.

Pattern

Pattern is a Python library that combines tools for web mining, NLP, and machine learning. It is particularly useful for text data extraction and analysis.

It is used for:

• Text mining from websites for sentiment analysis.
• Tokenizing and parsing textual data.

Its advantages include:

• Combines NLP and web scraping functionalities.
• Beginner-friendly with simple syntax.

Its disadvantages include:

• Not optimized for large-scale datasets.
• Limited updates compared to newer NLP libraries.

Example: Pattern is widely used for extracting and analyzing customer reviews from e-commerce platforms to gauge product satisfaction.

Gensim

Gensim is a Python library designed for topic modeling and document similarity analysis. It focuses on unsupervised algorithms like Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and Word2Vec.

It is used for:

• Creating topic models to categorize documents.
• Building word embeddings for semantic similarity analysis.

Its advantages include:

• Optimized for handling large text corpora.
• Scalable with streaming data.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited support for supervised learning tasks.
• Requires preprocessing text data before usage.

Example: Gensim is extensively used in news recommendation systems, where topic modeling helps classify and recommend articles based on user interests.

NLTK

The Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) is a beginner-friendly Python library for performing basic NLP tasks like tokenization, stemming, and parsing. It is widely used in academic settings.

It is used for:

• Tokenizing and tagging words in sentences.
• Processing text for syntactic parsing.

Its advantages include:

• Comprehensive documentation and tutorials.
• Ideal for learning and experimenting with NLP.

Its disadvantages include:

• Not optimized for deep learning tasks.
• Slower compared to advanced libraries like SpaCy.

Example: NLTK is often used in educational courses to teach students the fundamentals of NLP, such as text preprocessing and tagging.

PyBrain 

PyBrain (Python-Based Reinforcement Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Neural Networks Library) is an open-source library for building neural networks and performing reinforcement learning tasks.

It is used for:

• Training neural networks for NLP-related tasks.
• Experimenting with AI models for research purposes.

Its advantages include:

• Focuses on reinforcement learning alongside traditional AI methods.
• Modular design for flexibility in building models.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited updates and smaller community.
• Not specifically optimized for NLP.

Example: PyBrain is often used in research projects involving text-based reinforcement learning, such as optimizing dialogue systems for chatbots.

These libraries cover a broad spectrum of NLP needs, from basic preprocessing to advanced topic modeling and deep learning, ensuring a solution for every stage of your NLP pipeline.

Also Read: Top 10 Python NLP Libraries [And Their Applications in 2024]

Python ML Libraries for Model Interpretation and Optimization 

Model interpretation and optimization are critical aspects of machine learning. While interpretation ensures transparency and trust in predictions, optimization helps improve model performance. Python offers specialized libraries like Eli5 and Optuna to address these needs efficiently.

Eli5

Eli5 (Explain Like I’m 5) is a Python library designed to explain machine learning models and their predictions intuitively and understandably. It supports a variety of models, including linear models and ensemble techniques like decision trees and random forests.

It is used for:

• Visualizing feature importance in models like Random Forest and XGBoost.
• Debugging models by identifying biases or unexpected patterns in predictions.

Its advantages include:

• Simple and intuitive explanations for complex models.
• Supports both global and local interpretability.

Its disadvantages include:

• Limited support for deep learning models.
• Explanations can become complex for highly non-linear models.

Example: Eli5 is used in healthcare applications to explain model predictions, such as identifying which patient attributes (e.g., age, cholesterol level) contributed most to a diagnosis.

Optuna

Optuna is an advanced hyperparameter optimization framework that simplifies the process of tuning machine learning models. It uses a flexible and efficient trial-based approach to find optimal hyperparameter combinations.

It is used for:

• Automating hyperparameter tuning for gradient boosting or neural networks.
• Visualizing optimization results to understand the impact of hyperparameters.

Its advantages include:

• Simple API for integrating with existing workflows.
• Built-in visualization tools to track and compare trials.

Its disadvantages include:

• May require domain knowledge to define search spaces effectively.
• Optimization can be computationally expensive for large models.

Example: Optuna is used in financial forecasting to fine-tune hyperparameters for time-series models, improving accuracy in predicting stock prices and trends.

These libraries ensure that machine learning models are both interpretable and optimized, making them indispensable tools for improving performance and building trust in AI systems.

Python ML Libraries for Web Scraping and Data Mining 

Web scraping and data mining are essential for extracting valuable information from the internet, which can then be used for machine learning tasks. Python provides powerful libraries like BeautifulSoup and Scrapy that simplify the process of gathering and structuring web data for analysis.

BeautifulSoup

BeautifulSoup is a Python library for web scraping that parses HTML and XML documents, enabling easy navigation, search, and modification of data. It is widely used for small-to-medium-scale data extraction tasks.

It is used for:

• Extracting text and attributes from web pages.
• Preprocessing web data for machine learning pipelines.

Its advantages include:

• Simple and intuitive syntax for web scraping beginners.
• Handles poorly formatted HTML gracefully.

Its disadvantages include:

• Lacks advanced features like asynchronous requests.
• Slower compared to frameworks like Scrapy for large datasets.

Example: BeautifulSoup is commonly used in market research to extract product prices and reviews from e-commerce websites, which are then analyzed to identify trends.

Scrapy

Scrapy is a powerful and scalable framework for web scraping and data extraction. It provides built-in functionalities for handling asynchronous requests, managing crawlers, and exporting data in various formats like JSON and CSV.

It is used for:

• Extracting large-scale structured data from multiple web pages.
• Automating data collection workflows with custom web crawlers.

Its advantages include:

• Supports customization with middlewares and pipelines.
• Automatically handles cookies, sessions, and redirects.

Its disadvantages include:

• Steeper learning curve for beginners compared to BeautifulSoup.
• Requires additional setup for handling JavaScript-heavy websites.

Example: Scrapy is widely used in real estate analytics to extract property listings, including prices, locations, and features, which are then used to train ML models for price prediction.

Both libraries excel in their respective domains—BeautifulSoup for small-scale, beginner-friendly tasks, and Scrapy for large-scale, production-grade scraping workflows—ensuring Python remains a dominant tool for web data extraction.

Also Read: Top 30 Python Libraries for Data Science in 2024

How to Choose the Best Python Libraries for Machine Learning? 

Selecting the right Python libraries for your machine learning projects can significantly impact your productivity and model performance. Here’s a structured guide to help you choose the most suitable libraries based on your specific needs and project requirements.

1. Task-Specific Needs

Identify the exact task you need to accomplish in your project and select a library tailored to that function.

• Data preprocessing: Use Pandas or NumPy to clean and transform data.
• Visualization: Opt for Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Plotly to create insightful graphs and dashboards.
• Model building: Choose libraries like Scikit-learn for traditional ML models or TensorFlow for deep learning.

2. Performance

Consider the speed and efficiency of the library, especially when working with large datasets or computationally intensive tasks.

• Large datasets: LightGBM and Polars are optimized for speed and memory efficiency.
• Deep learning: Frameworks like PyTorch and TensorFlow leverage GPU acceleration for faster training.

3. Ease of Use

Some libraries are beginner-friendly, while others offer advanced capabilities but require more expertise.

• For beginners: Use Keras or Scikit-learn for an intuitive interface and faster implementation.
• For advanced users: Libraries like PyTorch and TensorFlow provide greater control and customization but come with a steeper learning curve.

4. Scalability

Ensure the library can scale with the size and complexity of your project.

• Distributed computing: Apache MXNet and TensorFlow excel in large-scale deep learning and distributed setups.
• Real-time applications: Consider Bokeh or Dash for interactive and scalable data visualization tools.

5. Integration

Check how well the library integrates with other tools and systems in your workflow.

• Seamless integration: Scikit-learn works well with Pandas and NumPy for end-to-end ML pipelines.
• Web-based tools: Streamlit and Dash are great for deploying ML models as web applications.

6. Community Support

Opt for libraries with an active and engaged community to ensure better support, tutorials, and regular updates.

• Popular frameworks: TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-learn have extensive documentation and large user bases.
• Emerging tools: Libraries like FastAI and Optuna are gaining traction, with strong communities offering ample resources.

Here’s a summary table for quick reference:

Choosing the right Python libraries requires aligning their features and capabilities with your project’s goals. By considering task specificity, performance, ease of use, scalability, integration, and community support, you can streamline your machine learning workflow and achieve better results.

Now that you’re familiar with the machine learning libraries for different functions, let’s look at some of the course options that will help you build your career in AI and ML.

How Can upGrad Help You Build a Career in AI and ML?

In the fast-evolving fields of AI and ML, staying ahead demands more than basics. upGrad, with over 2 million learners and partnerships with institutions like IIIT Bangalore, offers industry-leading programs designed to empower professionals.

Many upGrad learners achieve career growth, transitioning to roles at top global companies. These programs feature real-world projects, hands-on case studies, and globally recognized certifications, equipping you to tackle complex AI and ML challenges.

Here is an overview of AI and ML courses offered by upGrad:

upGrad collaborates with prestigious institutions to offer a variety of courses in AI, ML, and related fields. Below is a table summarizing these programs:

Note: Course durations and offerings are subject to change. Please refer to upGrad's official website for the most current information.

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