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- What is Inner Class in Java?
What is Inner Class in Java?
Updated on 14 November, 2022
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The concept of inner class in Java is fundamental to Java programming. In Java, a nested class and inner class are two very similar yet slightly distinct ideas of class designing and often go hand-in-hand.
A nested class is defined within another class and has two types – static nested class and non-static nested class. On the other hand, an inner class is a type of non-static nested class and is further of three types – member inner class, anonymous inner class, and local inner class.
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So, what do these three types of inner classes mean, and what is their use? Read on to find out in this detailed guide on Java inner class.
Meaning of Inner Class in Java
A non-static nested class or inner class is defined within another class and has access to members of the outer class (enclosing class). On the contrary, a static nested class is also a class defined within another class, but unlike a non-static nested class, it cannot access the member variables of its outer class. In the case of a non-static nested class, we are not required to create an instance of the outer class. But in the case of an inner class, we must first instantiate the outer class to be able to instantiate the inner class.
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Types of Inner Class in Java
In Java, inner classes are of the following three types:
- Member inner class
- Anonymous inner class
- Local inner class
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Now, let us understand each type of inner class with examples.
1. Member Inner Class
A member inner class in Java is a non-static nested class created inside a class but outside a method. Also referred to as a regular inner class, a member inner class can be declared with access modifiers like private, public, default, and protected.
The syntax for a member inner class is as follows:
class Outer{
//code
class Inner{
//code
}
}
Member inner class in Java example:
Given below is a program to demonstrate how to create an inner class and access it. We will make the inner class private and use the method display_Inner()to access the class.
class DemoOuter {
int num;
// inner class
private class DemoInner {
public void print() {
System.out.println(“This is the inner class”);
}
}
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// Accessing the inner class from the method within
void display_Inner() {
DemoInner inner = new DemoInner();
inner.print();
}
}
public class MyClass {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// Instantiating the outer class
DemoOuter outer = new DemoOuter();
// Accessing the display_Inner() method
outer.display_Inner();
}
}
Output: This is the inner class
In the above example, OuterDemo is the outer class, InnerDemo is the inner class, we are instantiating the inner class inside the method display_Inner(), which is invoked from the main method.
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2. Anonymous Inner Class
An anonymous inner class in Java is an inner class declared without any class name and for which only a single object is created. Anonymous inner classes in Java are declared and instantiated at the same time. They are most valuable when we want to override the method of a class or interface.
The syntax for an anonymous inner class in Java is as follows:
AnonymousInner an_inner = new AnonymousInner() {
public void my_method() {
//code
}
};
An anonymous inner class in Java can be created in two ways:
- Using class
- Using interface
Anonymous inner class in Java example (using class):
abstract class Meal{
abstract void eat();
}
class TestAnonymousInner{
public static void main(String args[]){
Meal m=new Meal(){
void eat(){System.out.println(“Bon appetit!”);}
};
m.eat();
}
}
Output: Bon appetit!
Anonymous inner class in Java example (using interface):
interface Game{
void play();
}
class TestAnnonymousInner1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Game g=new Game(){
public void play(){System.out.println(“Outdoor games”);}
};
g.play();
}
}
Output: Outdoor games
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3. Local Inner Class
A local inner class in Java is a class created inside a method. As in the case of local variables, the scope of the local inner class remains restricted within the method.
Local inner classes are defined inside a block: a method body, an if clause, or a for loop. A local inner class is not a member of any enclosing class, but instead, it belongs to the block within which it is defined. Thus, even though a local inner class in Java cannot have any access modifiers associated with it, you can mark it abstract or final. If we want to invoke the methods of a local inner class, we have to instantiate the class inside the method.
Local inner class in Java example:
Below is an example program to demonstrate how to instantiate the object of a local inner class declared inside the method of an outer class.
package innerClass;
public class Outer_Class
{
// An instance method of class Outer_Class.
public void display()
{
// Declaration of a method local inner class.
class Inner_Class
{
public void msg(){
System.out.println(“This is a local inner class!”);
}
}
// Create an instance of a method local inner class and call the msg() method using object reference variable i.
Inner_Class i = new Inner_Class();
i.msg();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Create an object of the outer class Outer_Class.
Outer_Class o = new Outer_Class();
o.display();
}
}
Output: This is a local inner class!
With the fundamentals of Java inner class in mind, let us understand why we need them in the first place.
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Advantages of Java Inner Class
An inner class in Java brings three significant utilities to the table. These are as follows:
1. Since a Java inner class can access the data members and methods of the outer/main class, including private, it represents a specific type of relationship.
2. A Java inner class significantly reduces coding since it requires less to write.
3. An inner class in Java logically groups classes and interfaces in a single place, thereby enhancing the readability of the code and making it easier to maintain.
Summing Up
The concept of nested classes simplifies and adds flexibility to creating classes anywhere in Java programming. In this regard, a non-static nested class known as inner class is particularly useful, as we have already seen in our discussion so far.
We would like to wrap up by stating two instances where the use of inner class seems most appropriate. First, a Java inner class is ideal when two classes have a close relationship and are not accessible by any other class. And second, inner classes are commonplace in Java GUI programming event handling. Therefore, Java inner classes can be safely used where listeners and their GUI components are involved.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the difference between inner class and subclass?
An inner class is a class that is nested or defined within another class. On the other hand, a subclass is a class that is derived from another class. Moreover, while an inner class can only be accessed by using the reference of the outer class within which it is nested, a subclass can be accessed directly unless the subclass has inherited private variables.
2. Can we write class inside a class in Java?
Yes, we can define a class within another class in Java. Such a class is known as a nested class, and it allows us to logically organise classes in one place, thereby creating a more maintainable and readable code. As part of its enclosing class, a nested class can be declared public, private, package-private, or protected.
3. Can Java inner class be private?
Yes, a Java inner class can be private. But once an inner class is declared private, it cannot be accessed from an object that’s outside the class. Inner and outer classes have access to each other’s private instance variables and private methods. As long as we are within the outer or inner class, the modifiers private and public have the same effect.
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Is Python an Object Oriented Language?
There’s always been a debate among programmers as to whether or not Python is an Object-oriented Programming language. Today, we seek to find a reasonable answer to put an end to this debate by understanding in depth why Python is object oriented language.
However, before we pass a final verdict on the kind of programming language that Python is, you must first understand what an OOP language is.
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What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?
Object-oriented programming (OOP) refers to the programming language in which the coders/developers explicitly define the data types, data structures, and also the types of functions that can be applied to the data structures. Thus, the data structures become “objects” incorporating both data and functions. In the OOP language, programs are organized and constructed around objects and not around logic and functions. This is contrary to the historical programming approach that focuses on how the logic is written rather than defining the data within the logic.
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An object is a self-contained entity that comprises both data and the procedures required to manipulate the data. In simple words, it denotes a data field with unique attributes and behaviour. Thus, the OOP model operates by interacting and invoking the properties of the various objects among themselves. Learn more about python with our data science programs.
Here are the basic principles/features of object-oriented programming:
Class
A Class is a blueprint or outline of the object that defines the attributes and methods that hold the real functionality of the data. These attributes and methods are referred to as “members.” You can access the members according to the defined access modifiers while declaring the members.
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Inheritance
Inheritance refers to the relationships and subclasses between different objects that allow programmers to use and reuse a common logic, while simultaneously sustaining a unique hierarchy. In this process, the data is cleaned, transformed, and visualized by minimizing the redundancy of the code to allow for a more thorough and accurate data analysis.
Objects
Python is object oriented programming language where the object is connected to a state and activity. Any physical device, such as a keyboard, mouse, chair, etc., may be used. Arrays, floating-point, dictionaries, and numbers, are all examples of objects. Any individual string or number, more specifically, is an object. You may not even be aware of the fact that you have been utilising items.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation refers to the process of juxtaposing different elements to build a unique entity. In this process, the implementation and state of each object are privately retained inside a defined class, so that other objects cannot make changes to the class – they can only declare a list of public functions. Encapsulation or data hiding enhances code security and also prevents data corruption.
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Abstraction
Abstraction is defined as the process of hiding the implementation of the functionalities and expose only those interfaces or accessing methods required to trigger the methods of the implementation class. In other words, the objects only give away those functionalities that are relevant for the use of other objects.
Polymorphism
As the name suggests, polymorphism refers to the process in which objects can take on more than one form depending on the demand of the circumstances. It determines the usage or meaning necessary for each execution of that object, thereby eliminating the need for duplicating the code. The two methods of polymorphism are – method overloading and method overriding.
Now, that we’ve covered the basics of OOP, we can move on to the question –
Is Python Object Oriented?
Honestly, we cannot classify Python as strictly an object-oriented programming language. It is an intuitive, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language (supports multiple programming approaches) it that combines the features of both object-oriented programming and aspect-oriented programming. While it borrows heavily from the OOP language, it is also at the same time functional, procedural, imperative, and reflective. That’s because it is heavily influenced by a combination of many other programming languages including JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Ruby, Swift, Groovy, and Go.
Java, Objective C, C++, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.NET, Simula, and JavaScript, are the few examples of OOP languages. And just like any other OOP language, Python too uses the fundamentals of OOP. For instance, in Python, Class means the same as it is for other OOP languages. Then, Python also retains the inheritance mechanism of OOP. To top that, Python can be integrated with other OOP languages like Java for developing applications in both languages that will incorporate the functionalities of both and you can call both the languages within each other to execute the application successfully.
However, Python isn’t an OOP language through-and-through since it does not allow strong encapsulation. This is because its creator Guido van Rossum aimed to keep things simple and that meant not hiding data in the strictest sense of the term. Instead of encapsulation, in Python, there’s a convention for data hiding wherein you can prefix the data members with two underscores. Apart from this, Python supports all the basic features of OOP language. This answers the question, is python object oriented?
So, there – mystery solved!
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Advantages of Object Oriented Programming
After we understand the facts to the question, is python object oriented, we must understand its advantages and why it should be used. Python is object oriented programming language, which works as a very fundamental part of the development of software, where OOP creates a class instead of just writing a program. This class contains data and its functions, all related to the customers. OOP comes with several advantages –
Re-using the code – It entails reusing certain facilities rather than continually developing them. Using a class is how this is accomplished. It can be used ‘n’ a number of times, depending on our needs. For example, in your coding, the car is your object. One of your colleagues requires a limousine car, while the other one needs a race car. While every person has a unique way of building their objects, this one is quite simple. The main object is ‘car’ while the requirements are just different types of cars. Using the inheritance technique in this example will make more sense. You can create one class, the car, and then create certain subclasses in which you can write different types of cars. What if you wish to alter every Car item, no matter what kind? This is the benefit of the OOP strategy. All car objects will automatically inherit any changes you make to your Car class.
Maintenance of Code – Any programming language would benefit from this capability; it prevents users from redo work in various ways. Maintaining and updating the current codes by adding new modifications is always simple, time-saving, and a great benefit of OOP.
Productivity Increases – Less time consumption results in more work being completed, a better programmer being finished, more built-in functionality, and easier to understand, write, and maintain. A programmer using OOP may combine new software elements to create entirely new applications. It is made feasible by a number of libraries with a wealth of beneficial features.
Unnecessary Data can be removed – This is a situation that develops when an identical piece of data is stored in two different places, such as two databases. One of the biggest benefits of OOP is the disposal of unnecessary data. Users can write common class definitions for comparable functions and inherit them if they require the same functionality in other classes.
Security Maintenance – We retain security and provide required data for viewing by filtering out restricted data with the help of encrypting the data and abstraction mechanisms.
Design Benefits – A consumer will gain design benefits from using OOPs in terms of designing and repairing things quickly and reducing risks. Here, object-oriented programming necessitates a lengthy and thorough design phase from the designers, which produces better designs with fewer faults. It is simpler to programmer all the non-one OOPs at a time when the programmer has reached certain crucial boundaries.
Problem Solving Techniques – It is a good idea to break down a difficult issue into manageable pieces or individual components. OOP is an approach that excels at this behavior because it divides your software code into manageable pieces, one object at a time. The broken parts can be restored by future units that relate to an identical interface and provide details of the implementation, or they can be reused in approaches to various other issues.
These advantages must be enough to understand why Python is object oriented language.
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We hope this article helped you understand the fundamentals of OOP language and where Python really stands in this respect. Also, another thing that you hopefully learnt from this piece is that a programming language can be so much more than one ‘single’ definition!
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Read Moreby Mayank Sahu
20 Sep'115.1K+
How to Make Most of Being A Jack of Multiple Things!
This is an excerpt from the e-book ‘self.debug – An Emotional Guide To Being A World-Class Software Engineer’ written by Karan Kurani. It’s a guide to increasing your skill set as a software engineer to the next level by debugging yourself and your emotions.
Karan Kurani is the co-founder and CTO of DoctorC, which is the leading marketplace in India connecting consumers with easy, affordable diagnostic & lab tests. DoctorC’s mission is to make healthcare simple, transparent and affordable. Karan is an alumnus of Cornell University with an overall experience of 8+ years. He has worked with GREE as a Lead Software engineer and founded two startups Shoutt and DoctorC.
Interview with Karan Kurani, Co-founder & CTO, DoctorC
Here’s an excerpt from the chapter ‘Hacking Skillz – Jack of more than 1 trade’ it talks about how being average in more than 1 thing is easier and more valuable than being excellent at just 1 thing.
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Note – This guideline is most useful for the bottom 99% of the practising software engineers. So if you are part of the remaining 1% – you can safely skip this post.
There is a surprisingly easy hack that you can apply to increase your value generally in life. Pick up more skills. It sounds obvious when put on paper but there is one subtlety which makes it a “hack” in my opinion.
For this point, we turn to the excellent Scott Adams’ book – “How to fail at almost everything and still win big”. Speaking about being successful, he says –
“… I tell them there’s a formula for it. You can manipulate your odds of success by how you choose to fill out the variables in the formula. The formula, roughly speaking, is that every skill you acquire doubles your odds of success.”
He goes on to mention that the level of proficiency for a skill is not mentioned because –
“… you can raise your market value by being merely good – not extraordinary – at more than one skill.”
“To put the success formula into its simplest form: Good + Good > Excellent”
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This subtlety makes it very easy to execute. You don’t need to be extraordinary, you just have to be ordinary/average. Hence, if you are an average software engineer and you have any of the skills mentioned below –
Good at drawing
Public speaking
Managing people
Have a knack to pick up people’s emotions
An eye for design in product
Spot problems in operational processes
Shoot, edit and/or make videos
Make original music
Sing
Writing essays/blog posts
Or anything else
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You are immediately more valuable to yourself and your organisation vs someone is who is a very good software engineer only. So if you are a software engineer who can think of product ideas and execute independently (remember you only have to be of an average skill in it) – you have more than doubled your value.
Leverage that skill.
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Just like programming, it’s an adventure to delve into your own mind. You can debug yourself – this book shows you how.
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06 Sep'185.17K+
Is AngularJS Right Choice For Your Next Mobile App Development?
Mobiles are something that we use every day and are an integral part of our lives. Nowadays each and every person has a mobile phone in their pocket. With the advancements of technologies, one can get a mobile phone no matter how big or small their budget is. In this age of mobile phones, we consider a phone that has no apps in it as useless. We have too many apps these days on our phones. From fine dining to fitness, from shopping to scrabble, we have an app for all our moods.
Mobile apps are designed in such a way that they go with our phones configuration well. Android and MAC are the two major interfaces that we have in our mobiles these days. The apps that are being developed are usually compatible with these two major operating systems. Every day more and more apps are being introduced, updated and launched in our play stores or App stores in case of MAC users. These apps are really useful. We no longer need to search the internet for things that we need, it is just a tap away.
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What is AngularJs?
When Android was yet to be launched in the market, Java was the most commonly used interface in mobiles. Even now when android has taken the center stage, java is not yet abolished. It is still considered one of the most potent and user- interactive interfaces out there. AngularJS is an app that was first launched by Google in the year 2009. This app uses the same JavaScript framework. AngularJS has come a long way and it has made some very impressive adjustments in its user interface.
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AngularJS is basically an app that makes developing apps very easy, it helps in making super-dynamic web pages that are easy to use and easy to work with as well. We need web pages for literally everything. Every business, every start-up, every new idea that is been introduced needs a web page o promote it. Bust web pages are not too easy to work with, there are quite a few factors that need to be kept in mind before making a web page. Java is the most secure and the most optimum user interface when it comes to making web pages. Unlike Android and MAC, it has HTML support that makes the process of a web page making much easier.
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Uses of AngularJS
AngularJS helps in extending HTML Templates, it also ennobles the users to use an advanced approach towards web page making and web page designing.
Java is known for its better stability and security. AngularJS sticks to its own simple functionalities and thus is very easy to use.
The modular approach makes coding easy. Also updating, testing and modifying codes for a web page is made easier with AngularJS.
One can easily add AngularJS to a web page with the help of simple coding.
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Domains in which you can implement AngularJS
To make sure that your web page is gaining popularity, some niches and search engine optimisation tools are to be incorporated in your web page. To make the idea known to all and gain popularity nothing can be better than a well-done web page. When you are using mobile for creating a web page AngularJS is your answer to all your questions. It will even help you develop a web app. Tips for best practices Angularjs Mobile Development app can help you with the following.
Video streaming apps: Video streaming apps are really in demand right now. Apps like Netflix, Amazon Prime Videos, and YouTube etc are some of the most prominent examples.
User review: Market research is a very important part of developing a web page. First, you need to see what your customers really want when you know what your customers want and need them providing them with the best solutions is better and more money efficient.
Travel apps: Travel apps are not very uncommon nowadays. While Android and MAC will make decent apps, the performance of a JavaScript is really difficult to top. AngularJS mobile development can help develop such sophisticated apps.
Weather apps: Something that is present by default in a smartphone is a weather app. It is widely used and a JavaScript will be able to develop and manage really impressive weather apps.
Social apps: In this age of social media, we can hardly come across a person who does not have a social media account. Apps like Facebook, twitter, etc. all are developed with JavaScript and thus you can too do that with AngularJS.
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Everything you need ot know about Mobile App Development
When it comes to developing and managing an app there are many ways one can do that. But if you are using your phones to develop a web page then AngularJS should be your best bet.
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Read Moreby Kavya Gajjar
29 Nov'185.34K+
Angular 7.0 – What is New in its new Avatar?
The strength of a building is in its concrete pillars. So is the framework for a web application. A software framework provides a standard way to design, build and deploy applications. In a world of Java platforms, the Javascript framework was the most uttered buzzword until Angular gained importance.
Now, let us see some Salient features of Angular.
Angular is an Open source Javascript framework which morphed into what is called ‘Typescript’ now.
Code generation and development are rapid compared to a (Javascript) JS code.
The Command line prompt (CLI) has commands to build application faster.
The Code is well organized as it uses components hence improves productivity
A directive is a dynamic function that handles variables, if statements, and loops in HTML
Angular is cross-platform hence it is independent of the browser and the operating system
Angular CLI comes with testing tools that are helpful for unit testing
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AngularJS – A precursor to Angular
AngularJS was the first product in the Angular series introduced by Google in 2009. It is a client-side or a front-end framework. What this means is that the code runs on the user’s browser and not on the web server. AngularJS was written purely in Javascript. This was developed to decouple the application logic, however, it was the only fairly successful and paved way for Angular with its current avatar 7.0.
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Angular 7.0 Framework
Let us understand briefly the building blocks of Angular:
Module: Basically breaks down application’s core screens logically. For example, if there is a shopping cart page, one might want to have a shopping cart module.
Component: This is a section of the UI and is a ‘class’ as in object-oriented programming. This is the fundamental building block of the User Interface (UI). The component class contains the core logic for the page.
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Components are made up of:
Template: A template is written in HTML or they can be HTML files. It can have dynamic properties like variables and use of ‘if conditions’ is possible with directives.
Class: Is the code for the application. The code is written in Typescript. Typescript is a superset of Javascript. Typescript is a ‘static’ type language where variables are declared with types defined. Hence errors are caught on the compilation of the program rather than being caught at runtime. Angular classes can be written in Javascript too. Components have data properties and methods.
Metadata: To identify that the class is an Angular component one uses Metadata. Metadata can be attached to Typescript using a decorator declaration.
Let us walk through a simple component in Angular.
Import {component} from ‘’@angular/core’’ ; Here the component package is imported from Angular core library.
@component ({ (this is a decorator declaration)
Selector : ‘myapplication’ …(.this is the custom HTML tag that we use to insert the component. )
Template: ‘<h1> Hello {(name)}</h1> (name is a variable)
})
export class AppComponent{ (This is the component class and ‘name’ is a property in the class)
name = ‘ Angular framework’;
}
<body>
<myapplication>Loading a sample app component here..</myapplication>
</body>
Data binding: A process that allows communication between the component and the view. So data is passed from the component to the view and vice-versa. There are four types of data binding. In Interpolation and property binding the data is sent from the component to the view and in event binding, the data is sent to the component from the view or the template. In two-way binding, the data travels both ways.
Service: This is a class that is written for reusable code, i.e. code that can be accessed from multiple components. These classes send data and functionality across components. Service classes can also get data from a database or a js/JSON file. When one uses a Service class, the code looks organized and fragmented.
Directive: Customizing HTML attributes to extend the power of HTML is a directive. ngIf, ngFor, ngModel are directives. ngModel is responsible for, binding the view into the model, which other directives such as input, textarea or Select require.
Here is a piece of code that shows how ngmodel works.
<div ng-app=”” ng-init=”firstName=’John'”> <p>Input a name in the input box:</p> <p>Name: <input type=”text” ng-model=”firstName”></p> <p>You wrote: {{ firstName }}</p> </div>
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So, firstName was initialized to ‘John’ and when one enters a new value in the text box, firstName will hold the new name entered.Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN)
Dependency injection (DI): Classes need objects to perform a particular function. Instead of creating the objects each time in the class, the class receives the objects(dependencies) from external sources. In the DI framework following are the steps that need to be followed:
Create a Service Class eg. Employeedata
Register this service class with the Injector. An Injector is a container that holds all the dependency classes
Declare the Employeedata class as a dependency in the class that needs it eg. EmployeeList Class
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Versions of Angular
After AngularJS, Angular 2 was released which was a complete rewrite of AngularJS. Components got added from Angular 2. Angular 2 was not backwards compatible. Angular is made up of a bunch of packages and the Router package in Angular 3 was not in sync. Hence the Angular team moved on to Angular 4 which was released with all corrections and features with backward compatibility to Angular 2. Subsequently Angular 5, Angular 6 was released and the latest version now is Angular 7.
What’s new in Angular 7.0?
CLI Prompts: A change in the Angular command line prompt is that the CLI prompts the user, to select the features while running the common commands. Features like Angular routing or the format of the style-sheet and many more can be selected by the user. In the previous versions of Angular one had to remember and type the options on the prompt.
Application Performance :
Common errors:
In this version, the angular team analyzed and removed some common mistakes made by the developers like the ‘reflect-metadata’ polyfill was included in production which is actually needed only in development.
Bundle-Budgets:
To improve the performance of the application, default Bundle Budgets are defined in angular.JSON. The developers will now be warned if the application bundle size exceeds a limit of 5MB and when the initial bundle exceeds 2MB. These values can be modified in the JSON file as needed.
Angular Material & the CDK: The Angular component development kit(CDK) was created from the Angular Material(UI for libraries).The two new features added in the CDK are
Virtual Scrolling:
To load only the visible part on the screen, the <cdk-virtual-scroll-viewport> package provides helpers for directives that react to scroll events. So, it will render only the items that can fit on the screen. When a user scrolls through the list then the DOM will load and unload the elements dynamically based on the display size.
Drag and Drop support:
The @angular/cdk/drag-drop module helps free drag and drop feature of an element, reordering items in a list, moving items in a list and so on. This is done with the help of cdkDropList and cdkDrag directives.
Angular 7.0 has updated its dependencies to support Typescript 3.1, RxJS 6.3 and Node 10.
Improved accessibility of Selects: The native ’select’ has some performance, accessibility, and usability advantages hence using a native select element inside a ‘mat-form-field’ is a new feature in Angular 7.0.
Angular elements: A small change but new in Angular 7
“Angular Elements now supports content projection using web standards for custom elements.” — This is what Stephen Fluin, Angular says.
Working with partners: The Angular team has been working to partner with community projects that have been launched recently one of them is Angular Console. Angular Console is a user interface for Angular CLI. It is good for beginners and experts as it is a lot easier than prompts. There are different UI versions for Windows and Mac OS.
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Most of the changes in Angular 7.0 are on performance improvements and bug fixing. Hence, it is the safest version to date and migrating from earlier versions is simple. Ivy is the new upcoming rendering engine that the Angular team is working on. Till then, let us wait and watch. Keep Learning!
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IntelliJ IDEA vs. Eclipse: The Holy War!
Batman vs. Superman, Marvel vs. DC, Windows vs. Linux, Java vs. C#, are a few examples of some eternal wars. One such battle is IntelliJ IDEA vs. Eclipse – the selection of the best Integrated Development Environment – affectionately known as the IDE. There are many IDEs in the market today for Java development – the likes of Netbeans, DrJava, and of course Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA are just to name a few.
These IDEs ease the workflow of a developer by providing them with a complete and integrated environment. The support of various plugins coupled with the ability to handle large projects seamlessly makes the IDEs an irreplaceable tool in any developer’s toolkit.
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Today we’ll be looking at two such IDEs in depth, and taking them head to head. We’ll look at how Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA compete against each other in terms of the features they offer.
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Eclipse IDE
Eclipse is by far the most commonly used IDE by budding as well as experienced developers. It is supported by a large community of developers, great documentation to get you up and running, and the best part – the support of thousands of plugins to make your experience even better.
Eclipse is mainly used for developing web, mobile, desktop, enterprise, or embedded system applications. It can be used open-source under Eclipse public license. Eclipse is written mostly in Java and runs seamlessly on the three major operating systems – Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. Although well known for Java programming, it also supports various other languages including Groovy, Scala, and Python.
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Eclipse is capable of opening multiple projects in the same window thereby giving you control over dependencies and relations. However, regarding user experience and the ease of code completion and inspection, Eclipse falls short despite having many plugins, especially checkstyle.
If you’re a rookie programmer, you’d appreciate an auto-complete feature that can show the list of the most relevant symbols applicable in your context. Eclipse falls short on that. Just for argument’s sake, we can use this point in favour of Eclipse saying it offers a better learning curve, but at the end of the day, it’s really about how easy it is to get your application up and running.
Having said that, Eclipse is and will continue to be, widely used all over the globe. Let’s take a look at some of its features that keep it going despite the limitations.
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Salient Features of Eclipse
Mylyn:
Mylyn is a subsystem of eclipse for task management. The advantages of Mylyn are quite well known, but you won’t appreciate them till you use it and see them for yourself. Mylyn helps developers track their tasks in a task list view – without having to open a browser. Mylyn provides an easy way of keeping track of all the files related to your current work.
Software Updates:
Eclipse provides frequent and regular software updates. The ability to simply update your IDE from the console itself without worrying about dependencies, or unzipping a zipped file makes a developer’s life easier. Everything is managed through this simple dialogue:
Enterprise Java Tooling:
Eclipse has the best tooling to offer for JEE projects. It offers an outstanding amount of functionalities – from wizards for Web Service creation, XML editing, to excellent JSF and JPA tooling. In essence, it’s a very simple feature but is very useful. The ability to control and deploy the server of your choice is commendable. Also, if your server isn’t on the list, you’ll likely find a plug-in to support your server.
Model Driven Development:
The Eclipse Modelling Project offers a set of modelling tools for those using EMF or related techniques for modelling. The Ecore Tools that are used to work with the EMF models allow you to create and modify your ecore using a standard tree, or through the visual Ecore diagram editor (see below).
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IntelliJ IDEA IDE
IntelliJ IDEA is a fully featured IDE developed by JetBrains. JetBrains is an established company and famous for the Resharper plugin for Visual Studio that is beneficial for C# development.
The IntelliJ IDEA comes in two editions – Free community edition and an Ultimate edition. The free community edition of IntelliJ IDEA offers the basic features useful for developing Android and Java applications. Google’s official Android development platform – Android Studio, is also based on IntelliJ IDEA’s free community edition. This IDE supports many languages from Java, Kotlin, Scala, Android, Mercurial, Groovy, Gradle, Git, SVN, SBT, and CVS and also offers basics (yet essential) features like code completion, deep static analysis, intelligent refactorings, debugger, test runner, etc. The Ultimate Edition, on the other hand, has the most advanced set of features for developing web and desktop applications.
Some of the additional features of the Ultimate Edition
Supports the integration of Spring framework.
Supports web app scripting languages like JavaScript, CoffeeScript, TypeScript, and many more.
Supports web development framework like Node.js, Angular, and React
Java EE support such as JSF, JAX-RS, JPA, CDI, etc
Eclipse falls short in providing good assistance for code completion despite supporting many plugins. The default code compilation in IntelliJ is much faster and better, especially if you’re a newbie programmer – IntelliJ can help you improve your code.
One of them is Smart Completion which provides you with the list of the most relevant symbols applicable in your current context. This as well as other completions constantly learn from your coding practices and moves your most frequently used packages and classes to the top of the list, so that you can select the right option faster. Another such feature is Chain completion which is even smarter than the Smart Completion. It lists all the applicable symbols by making use of getters or methods which makes it even faster. There are many other out-of-the-box features too which make IntelliJ IDEA a truly intelligent IDE
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Features which make IntelliJ IDEA a truly intelligent
Version Control:
IntelliJ IDEA offers the developers with a unified interface for most of the version control systems. Git, SVN, Mercurial, CVS, and Perforce are just to name a few. This single interface lets you browse the history of changes, manage branches, and merge conflicts.
Build Tools:
This IDE supports all the major build tools like Gradle, Maven, Gant, SBT, NPM, Grunt, Gulp, and more. These tools eventually help automate compiling, packaging, running tests, deploying, and other activities.
Application Servers:
It supports major application servers like TomCat, JBoss, WebSphere, Glassfish, and many more. It allows you to deploy your code onto the application servers and debug the deployed code from the IDE itself.
Indexing:
IntelliJ indexes the entire project when you first start it up. That way, it doesn’t need to search for files every time you need a resource (unlike Eclipse). This significantly speeds up the search process.
Polyglot Support:
As we’ve said earlier, IntelliJ IDEA supports many JVM and non-JVM frameworks and languages out of the box. Frameworks and languages like AngularJS, React, JavaScript, TypeScript, Scala, SQL are just a few examples of the wide array of languages supported by IntelliJ IDEA.
All these features make IntelliJ IDEA a clear winner when it comes to usability and user experience. However, it falls short on the number of plugins offered. Compared to 1,276 plugins offered by Eclipse, IntelliJ only offers ~700 plugins.
But, this shouldn’t be a dealbreaker as IntelliJ offers a lot of new and improved features out of the box, without needing any plugin – unlike Eclipse.
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In Conclusion…
If you’re a beginner in the field of Java development, your choice should be IntelliJ IDEA – thanks to the various beginner-friendly features it has to offer. However, if you’re looking to work on large and complex projects, and have a fair bit of expertise in Java programming, you can opt for Eclipse instead. Like with every other debate, at the end of the day it’s all a matter of preferences, but there’s no way you can ignore IntelliJ IDEA.
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Read Moreby Arjun Mathur
10 Jun'1917.76K+
Python Projects for Beginners – List of 7
Learning a new language – whether it is for speaking to humans or to computers – is always a mixture of fun and challenge. Mastery is not an easy road to travel and that is why little wins along the way are so necessary for boosting self-confidence and making you preserve. The same can be achieved through projects that have a specific aim and allow you to put your new-found knowledge into practice.
When learning a coding language like Python, these projects become all the more crucial as they help you firm your grip on a vast language that you will keep refining your entire life. So, where do you begin? As a beginner, which projects do you pick up that is not overwhelming but are challenging and rewarding at the same time?
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The answer? Whatever you pick from the list below.
What’s the number?
Concepts needed: print, while loop, if/else statements, random function, input/ output
This is a guessing game that the user plays with the program/computer. The program generates a random number using the random function. The user tries to guess it by inputting a value. The program then indicates whether the guess is right or not. If it is wrong, then the program should tell how off the guess was. If it is right, there should be another positive indicator. You can place a limit on the number of guesses allowed.
You will also need functions to compare the inputted number with the guessed number, to compute the difference between the two, and to check whether an actual number was inputted or not.
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Spin a yarn
Concepts needed: strings, concatenation, variables, print. Things get more interesting here since strings are infinitely more complex to play with at the beginning.
The program first prompts the user to enter a series of inputs. These can be an adjective, a preposition, a proper noun, etc. Once all the inputs are in place, they are placed in a premade story template using concatenation. In the end, the full story is printed out to read some misintended madness!
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What’s the word?
Concepts needed: strings, variables, random function, variables, input/ output
Similar to ‘What’s the Number?’, this name focuses on the user having to guess the randomly generated word. You can create a list from which the word would have to be guessed and also set a cap on the number of guesses allowed.
After this, you can create the rules yourself! When the user inputs the word, you can indicate whether the alphabet written appears in this particular position or not. You will need a function to check if the user is inputting alphabets or numbers and to display error messages appropriately.
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Rock, paper, scissors
Concepts needed: random function, print, input/ output, variables
If you are tired of having no playmate, then a 5-minute stint of rock, paper, scissors with the computer and designed by you, yourself will improve your mood.
We again use the random function here. You make a move first and then the program makes one. To indicate the move, you can either use a single alphabet or input an entire string. A function will have to be set up to check the validity of the move. Using another function, the winner of that round is decided. You can then either give an option of playing again or decide a pre-determined number of moves in advance. A scorekeeping function will also have to be created which will return the winner at the end.
Compute, calculate
Concepts needed: functions, input/ output, variables,
This project involves building a simple calculator that can perform mathematical functions (which you decide). You can start with the basic BODMAS, and then progress to logarithms and exponents. You’ll have to keep tabs on what the user is entering and get the answer to print at the end. Whether the values in the middle of the calculation keep showing up is up to you.
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Leap it!
Concepts needed: functions, input/ output, boolean, print
In this program, you input a year and check whether it is a leap year or not. For this, you’ll have to create a function that recognizes the pattern of leap years and can try fitting the inputted year into the pattern. In the end, you can print the result using a boolean expression.
Find out, Fibonacci!
Concepts needed: functions, input/output, boolean, print
You input a number and the function created checks whether the number belongs to the Fibonacci sequence or not. The underlying workings are similar to the above ‘Leap it!’ program.
One common theme in all the above projects is that they will help you to get your basics right. You will be the developer and the bug fixer. Not to mention, you’ll be closing working with creating and implementing a variety of functions along with working with variables, strings, integers, operators, etc. Just like 2 + 2 is the building block of your mathematics knowledge, so are these concepts, and learning about them in a fun way through building projects will help to understand and retain them more.
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Read More29 Aug'19