What is Linear Data Structure and its Types? Explore Differences With Nonlinear Structures

Data remains a foundational aspect of computing, and linear data structures offer a direct way to arrange and retrieve information sequentially. They help keep elements organized and manageable, which will become even more critical as data volumes continue to grow in 2025 and beyond.

There are four principal linear data structures commonly encountered:

• Arrays
• Linked Lists
• Stacks
• Queues

In this article, you will see how each one operates, compare linear with non-linear data structures, and learn how to pick the right structure for your projects. 

What Is a Linear Data Structure?

Linear data structures describe a direct path in which elements are placed one after another. Each item has a clear place in the sequence, which helps organize data for basic tasks like adding or removing elements.

Because every part follows the same line of progression, retrieval complexity can stay low when working with moderate or predictable data sizes. These structures also use memory straightforwardly, reducing some of the overhead seen in more intricate arrangements.

Let’s see this better with the help of a linear data structure example:

• Array storing monthly sales figures: Each sales figure is placed in a consecutive block of memory, allowing you to jump directly to a specific month using an index.
• Array representing daily temperature readings: Each reading is set in a sequential spot, which helps create a simple overview of the temperature pattern over time.

When elements are arranged in a single path, it becomes possible to traverse all of them in one pass. That makes tasks like searching, iterating, or updating far more approachable.

Also Read: What is a data structure? Types and Basic Differences

What Are the Key Characteristics of Linear Data Structures?

Linear data structures stand out because they arrange elements in a single, orderly sequence. This straightforward layout often leads to simpler logic when adding, removing, or updating information. 

Many of these structures also keep memory usage predictable, which can be a strong advantage in programs with moderate or steadily growing data sizes.

Let’s now examine these defining features in detail.

1. Order Preservation

This property ensures that each element retains its position based on when it was added. Any new entry joins the end (or top, for certain structures), so earlier entries stay ahead in the sequence. Consistency in ordering makes it simpler to process items in the exact sequence you introduced them.

Let’s understand this through some example examples and scenarios:

• One typical scenario is a queue of customer tickets, where the first one raised is always at the front.
• Another scenario is a list of daily sales figures, appended every evening so that earlier entries stay at the beginning.

2. Traversal
Traversal refers to systematically going through each element from start to finish. Because the structure follows a single path, you can examine all elements without skipping any. This method is especially useful for tasks such as computing totals or searching for a specific data point.

Here are some example scenarios to understand this better:

• Imagine scanning an array of exam scores one by one to calculate an overall average.
• A linked list of product IDs can be traversed to see if a certain item exists before finalizing an order.

3. Searching and Access
Searching can involve either going through each element until a match is found or applying indexed access in a fixed-size structure. The approach depends on how the structure stores its elements. In arrays, direct indexing pinpoints an element quickly, whereas linked lists require a step-by-step approach.

Let’s understand this through some simple examples: 

• Arrays let you pinpoint an element’s position in constant time by using its index.
• Linked lists require a step-by-step approach, which can be helpful when items need to be inserted or removed often.

4. Insertion and Deletion
Adding or removing elements can occur at defined points like the front or back. Depending on the chosen structure, insertion or removal might shift other elements or simply adjust a pointer to maintain the sequence. 

This design keeps you informed about where the element is placed or removed, which helps reduce confusion.

Here are some examples to help you understand this better:

• In a stack, new items stack up on top, and the most recent one is the first to be removed.
• In a queue, each new entry joins at the back, while removals happen at the front.

5. Memory Allocation
Some linear data structures, such as arrays, store elements in contiguous blocks of memory. Others, like linked lists, distribute elements across different locations while connecting them through references or pointers. 

The right choice usually depends on whether a program needs an easy-to-resize structure or a consistent, contiguous block.

Check out some examples to understand this characteristic better:

• A static array of monthly subscriptions can stay in one continuous area of memory for quick index-based operations.
• A dynamic linked list of user comments can expand with each comment added without reorganizing prior entries.

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What Are the Types of Linear Data Structures?

Linear data structures can vary in how they store elements, handle insertion or deletion, and manage memory. Each type addresses different scenarios and priorities, such as the need for random access, dynamic growth, or strict ordering. 

Understanding the distinct patterns in each subtype makes it easier to choose the one that best meets a project's requirements.

1. Arrays in Data Structures

An array is a fundamental linear data structure that arranges elements in contiguous memory locations. Every element in an array shares the same data type, and each position can be accessed through its index. 

Because these positions lie side by side, certain tasks — like iterating through all elements — can be straightforward. However, arrays usually require knowing their size at the start, so they may not expand easily once created. 

When handled correctly, they are known for providing fast lookup times for elements by index and supporting clear, orderly data storage.

Characteristics of Arrays in Data Structures

• Homogeneous Elements: Every item in an array must be of the same data type.
• Contiguous Memory Allocation: All elements sit side by side in memory, which helps access them by index.
• Zero-Based Indexing: In many programming languages, the first element has an index of 0, the second has an index of 1, and so on.
• Fixed Size: Once the array’s size is set, it generally cannot be changed during runtime.

Operations of Arrays

• Access: Elements are retrieved using their index (e.g., array[3] to access the fourth element).
• Insertion: Adding a new value at the end is typically fast, but inserting in the middle involves shifting elements, which can take extra time.
• Deletion: Removing the last element is quick while removing an element from the middle also demands shifting.
• Searching: Linear search scans each element until a match is found, whereas binary search can be used on sorted arrays for faster lookups.

Types of Arrays

The three main types of Arrays and their examples are listed below.

1. One-Dimensional Array

A one-dimensional array arranges elements in a single row, each accessed by a single index. This layout's straightforward nature suits tasks where data can be handled in a direct, linear format. Once initialized, it keeps its defined size unless you use a dynamic variant provided by certain programming languages.

Here’s an example of one-dimensional Arrays.

Consider storing the marks of several students in one class. Each position in the array represents a different student:

Indexes: [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
Elements: [85] [90] [78] [92] [88]

• marks[0] = 85 indicates the mark of the first student.
• marks[3] = 92 reflects the fourth student’s mark.

By referencing marks[i], you can directly read or modify each student’s data without scanning the entire structure.

Also Read: One Dimensional Arrays in C: Definition, Types and Example

2. Two-Dimensional Array

A two-dimensional array stacks data in rows and columns, essentially forming a matrix. Each element is addressed by two indices — one for the row and another for the column. This pattern is often used in tabular data storage, image matrices, or any setup that benefits from a row-column classification.

Consider a table of student marks for multiple subjects:

• marks[0][1] could mean the mark of the first student in the second subject.
• Both the row and column indices help isolate the exact location of each mark.

Also Read: Two-Dimensional Array in C Programming with Example

3. Multi-Dimensional Array

Multi-dimensional arrays extend beyond two dimensions, allowing you to map data in multiple layers, like three-dimensional (3D) or higher. This approach can be practical for advanced data visualization or modeling tasks involving more than rows and columns.

Envision a 3D array for storing color channels (Red, Green, Blue) of small images:

• Each coordinate might point to a 3-value set, reflecting the intensities of red, green, and blue at that position.
• Accessing imageData[x][y][z] fetches the intensity for the zth color channel at (x, y).

These configurations provide a structured way to represent complex data, although the code can grow more intricate as dimensions increase.

Also Read: Multidimensional Array in Java

2. Linked List in Data Structure

A linked list in a data structure arranges its items through nodes, where each node contains data and at least one reference (pointer) to another node. This design spares you from allocating a fixed block of memory in advance since new nodes can be created as needed. 

Each node can be placed anywhere in memory, making inserting or removing elements easier without shifting every item in the list. Although retrieval tends to be slower than in arrays — because you must follow pointers — linked lists excel in situations where frequent changes to the sequence are expected.

Characteristics of Linked Lists in Data Structures

• Node-Based Structure: Each element resides in its own node, which holds the data and a pointer (or multiple pointers). This layout allows flexible distribution of nodes in memory.
• Non-Contiguous Storage: Unlike arrays, a linked list’s nodes are not necessarily stored next to each other; pointers link them in the correct sequence.
• Dynamic Growth: Nodes can be added or removed on the fly, so the list’s length is not fixed upfront.
• Traversal Dependency: Reaching a specific element typically involves traversing from the head node until that element is found.

Operations of Linked Lists

• Insertion: Add a new node by adjusting pointers near the insertion spot. Whether it’s at the head, in the middle, or at the tail, no large block of data needs shifting.
• Deletion: Remove a node and link its predecessor directly to its successor. Once the node to delete is located, this usually takes constant time, though searching can be O(n).
• Traversal: Move from the head node through each link until the end of the list is reached. This step-by-step approach is linear in complexity (O(n)).
• Searching: Examine each node until the target data is found. If the list is long, this process can become time-consuming.

Types of Linked Lists

The three main types and their examples have been discussed below.

1. Singly Linked List

A singly linked list – also known as a linear list in data structure – connects each node to exactly one other node, called the next node. The final node indicates the end of the sequence by pointing to nothing. This style streamlines storage needs because only one pointer is maintained, and you can add or remove nodes at either the head or tail without shuffling all data.

Let’s understand linear list in data structure through an example: Managing a Media Playlist

Each node contains a song title and a pointer to the next track.

Diagram Representation:

HEAD -> [Song A] -> [Song B] -> [Song C] -> NULL

• Song A links to Song B, Song B links to Song C, and Song C shows a null pointer.
• When adding a new tune in the middle, the pointer from Song A can be rerouted to the new node, which then links on to Song B.
• Deleting a track only requires redirecting the pointer from its predecessor to its successor without relocating any files.

2. Doubly Linked List

A doubly linked list enhances the concept by giving each node two pointers: one pointing to the next node and one to the previous node. This two-way structure supports direct movement forward or backward, allowing certain operations — like reverse traversal or immediate node removal — to be more direct.

Here’s an example for better understanding: Browsing Photos in a Gallery

Each node represents an image with a forward pointer (next) and a backward pointer (prev).

Diagram Representation:

NULL <- [Photo 1] <-> [Photo 2] <-> [Photo 3] -> NULL

• Photo 1 doesn’t have a predecessor, and Photo 3 doesn’t have a successor.
• You can move backward from Photo 3 to Photo 2, then to Photo 1, or forward from Photo 1 onward.
• Removing Photo 2 only involves making Photo 1 and Photo 3 point to each other, keeping the rest unchanged.

3. Circular Linked List

A circular linked list forms a loop by connecting the final node back to the first. There is no null pointer; instead, the chain continues around. This setup can be helpful if you want to cycle through elements repeatedly without resetting to the start.

Let’s understand this with an example: Rotating Through Players in a Board Game

Nodes represent each participant, looping back to the first after the last player.

Diagram Representation:

        ┌───────────────┐
HEAD -> [Player A] -> [Player B] -> [Player C] 
        └───────────────┘
            (loops back)

• When Player C finishes a turn, the pointer leads back to Player A, maintaining a continuous round-robin.
• Adding a new player just means linking one existing node’s pointer to the newcomer, who then points to the next in line.
• Removing someone requires re-linking their neighbors, which keeps the cycle intact.

3. Stack in Data Structures

A stack follows a Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) order, where the most recent item added is the first one removed. Elements only join or leave the top of the stack, which means you do not rearrange or shift all stored items. 

This design works particularly well when the order of removal must mirror the order of insertion, as in undo operations or nested function calls. Stacks often appear wherever you need to keep track of a reversing sequence of actions or manage nested processes.

Characteristics of Stack in Data Structures

• LIFO Principle: The last element placed on the stack becomes the first one removed, preserving the exact reversed order of insertion.
• Single Access Point: All insertions (push) and deletions (pop) happen at the top, so you always know where the next operation occurs.
• Finite Capacity: Many stack implementations come with a predefined limit, although some can expand dynamically to accommodate more entries.
• Temporary Holding: Stacks frequently serve as short-term storage for items that need quick reversal or step-by-step rollback.

Operations of Stack in Data Structures

• Push: Place a new element on top. If the stack has space, this process takes constant time.
• Pop: Remove the top element and return it. You cannot directly remove items lower in the stack without first popping those above.
• Peek (or Top): View the item currently at the top without modifying the stack.
• isEmpty: Check if no elements are left in the stack.
• size: Determine how many elements are in the stack at a given moment.

Types of Stacks
Below are two main types that show how stacks handle size and memory differently

1. Fixed Size Stack

A fixed-size stack has a predefined capacity. Once it holds the maximum number of elements, attempting to push one more will cause an overflow error.

Example: Limited Undo History in a Simple Drawing Application

• Suppose a small program stores up to 5 user actions (like strokes or shape insertions) in a stack.
• Once there are 5 actions, pushing the sixth action triggers an overflow, discarding the oldest record.
• Users only get the latest five steps to undo, reflecting the fixed size limit.

Diagram Representation (Capacity = 5):

Top -> [ Action 5 ]
      [ Action 4 ]
      [ Action 3 ]
      [ Action 2 ]
      [ Action 1 ]  <-- Oldest remains at bottom

• Push: Inserting another action at the top fails if the stack is already full.
• Pop: Taking an action off reverts the most recent change, reducing the total actions to 4.

2. Dynamic Size Stack

A dynamic size stack expands (and may also shrink) according to the number of items it must hold. This allows more flexibility in storing data sequences without being restricted by an initial limit.

Example: Extensive Command Records in an Advanced Code Editor

• Every coding action — such as typing a line, deleting a function, or reformatting code — pushes onto the stack.
• Because there is no strict cap, users can keep adding new commands for as long as memory permits.
• Undo operations pop items off the top in a LIFO pattern, so the most recent command is always removed first.

Diagram Representation (Size Grows as Actions Increase):

Top -> [ Action 7 ]
      [ Action 6 ]
      [ Action 5 ]
      ...
      [ Action 1 ]  <-- The earliest action

• Push: Each new command is placed on top, and if more memory is needed, the stack reallocates or links a new node.
• Pop: The last action is discarded, returning the editor to its earlier state. This continues until all actions are undone or until the user stops.

Also Read: How to Implement Stacks in Data Structure? Stack Operations Explained

4. Queues in Data Structures

A queue is a linear data structure that follows the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) principle. You place new elements at the back (known as the rear), and items leave from the front. Because the earliest added item is always the first to exit, queues are well-suited to scenarios where order matters, such as managing tasks, requests, or resources. 

This structure ensures that each element is served in the same sequence in which it was enqueued, supporting fair distribution or systematic processing.

Characteristics of Queues in Data Structures

• FIFO Principle: The first element to enter is the first to leave, retaining a strict order.
• Distinct Ends: A queue has a front for removal and a rear for insertion.
• Fair Ordering: Because elements depart in the same order they arrive, the queue promotes an equitable approach to handling tasks or data.
• Fixed or Dynamic: Some queue implementations have a set capacity, while others can grow to handle more entries as memory allows.

Operations of Queues in Data Structures

• Enqueue: Add a new element at the rear in O(1) time if space is available.
• Dequeue: Remove the front element in O(1) time, returning it to the caller.
• Front (or peek): View the element at the front without removing it.
• Rear: Identify the last element in the queue without a dequeue operation.
• isEmpty / isFull: Check if the queue has no elements or if it is filled to capacity.

Types of Queues 

Below are the five main types of queues in data structures.

1. Input Restricted Queue

This type of queue only accepts new entries from one end, while removal can occur from either the front or the rear. It grants more flexibility in how elements exit, yet insertion remains controlled at a single point.

Restaurant Orders Example

Imagine a restaurant that only accepts new orders at one counter (the rear), yet completed orders can be picked up either from the kitchen side (front) or canceled at the end:

Rear -> [New Order #101] -> [Order #99] -> [Order #100] <- Front

• Enqueue: Only accepted at the left (rear).
• Dequeue: Typically from the right (front) when an order is ready, but a cancellation could also remove an item from the rear if needed.

Indexes might look like this:

• [0]: New order arrives here.
• [1]: An older order (#99) still sits in the queue.
• [2]: Standard serving exit for the front.
• [0] again: Could handle removal if a quick cancellation is processed right after adding it.

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2. Output Restricted Queue

This is nearly the opposite of the input restricted queue. It allows inserting items at both the front and the rear, but removal can happen only from one end (usually the front). It fits scenarios where rapid insertion from multiple directions is needed but still keeps a single exit path.

Shared Printer Example
Several users might enqueue print jobs from different points, while jobs are always dequeued from one fixed side when the printer is ready:

Front -> [Job #12] -> [Job #13] -> [Job #14] <- Rear
            ↑                  ↑
    Insertions can happen at both ends

This is what the indexes might look like:

• Enqueue at Front: Special admin job might get priority by joining the front.
• Enqueue at Rear: Normal jobs join at the back.
• Dequeue: Always from the front, following the standard queue pattern.

3. Circular Queue

A circular queue links the last position back to the first, stopping the issue of “unused slots” in a simple array-based queue once the rear index hits the end. When space becomes free at the front, the rear can loop around.

Printer Task Buffer Example
Consider a printer queue tracked in an array of size 4:

• Enqueue at index 2 if it’s empty, despite the rear previously being at 3.
• Dequeue removes the item at index 0, and front might move to 1.
• When a task is removed, that slot effectively frees up, so the next incoming task can occupy [2] without wasting space.

4. Double-Ended Queue (Deque)

A double-ended queue (deque) allows enqueuing and dequeuing at both the front and the rear. This flexibility is beneficial if you need to quickly push or pop items from either side without the restrictions imposed by typical queues.

Web Browser’s History Navigation Example
A user’s browsing history can be treated like a deque:

Front <-> [Page 1] <-> [Page 2] <-> [Page 3] <-> [Page 4] <-> Rear

• Add at Rear: New pages get inserted at the right end.
• Remove at Front: Possibly used for clearing oldest pages if the history is too large.
• Insert at Front: Might allow special features, such as reloading or bookmarking certain pages in priority slots.

Indexes might reflect quick additions at both ends:

5. Priority Queue

A priority queue reorders elements based on their priority rather than strictly following FIFO. Higher-priority items get removed first, regardless of when they arrived.

System Tasks Scheduling Example
Processes might arrive at different times, each with a priority value:

Priorities: High  | Low   | High  | Medium
Data:      Task#8 | Task#9| Task#10| Task#11

• High-priority tasks (Task#8, Task#10) jump ahead for immediate processing.
• Medium or Low tasks (Task#9, Task#11) wait until no higher-priority tasks remain.
• This ensures critical processes always get handled before less important ones.

Want to understand the difference between stacks and queues in data structures? Check out upGrad’s free Tutorial, Stack vs Queue: Unlocking the Differences!

How Do Linear Data Structures Compare to Non-Linear Data Structures?

Linear data structures store elements in a single progression, where each item has a clear predecessor and successor (except the first and last). 

Non-linear structures arrange elements in branching or interconnected ways, creating more complex relationships. Because of these contrasts, their usage can differ significantly, especially in terms of memory arrangement, traversal patterns, and ease of operations.

Here’s a tabulated snapshot of linear vs non-linear data structures:

By examining these differences, you can decide whether a single-level, linear layout (like arrays or linked lists) or a branching, multi-level approach (like trees or graphs) better suits a specific problem.

Also Read: Trees in Data Structure: A Comprehensive Guide

What Are the Advantages of Linear Data Structures?

Linear data structures store elements in a single dimension, making proceeding from the first element to the last straightforward. This orderly layout often simplifies operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal, saving time and resources.

Here are some core advantages that highlight their usefulness:

• Simplicity: They usually offer a clear layout, which makes them easier to understand and implement than multi-level structures.
• Predictable Access: Arrays allow constant-time indexing, while other linear forms still present a clear, step-by-step path to follow.
• Dynamic Growth: Certain linear structures (like linked lists) can expand on the fly, removing the need for a pre-set capacity.
• Ease of Implementation: Most languages provide inbuilt support or standard libraries for arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues, making them faster to implement.
• Familiar Algorithms: Searching, sorting, and other basic operations are well-documented, so you can apply these methods in a reliable, straightforward way.

What Are the Disadvantages of Linear Data Structures?

Although linear data structures often feel direct and easy to manage, certain traits can limit their performance or flexibility when the data or operations grow more complex. These limitations may become more apparent in large-scale systems or highly dynamic environments.

Below are several drawbacks that can affect how well linear data structures serve your needs:

• Fixed Size: Arrays usually need a predefined capacity, making it tough to accommodate extra items later or manage unused space if fewer elements are stored.
• Shifting Overhead: Inserting or removing an element from the middle of an array requires shifting many other elements, which can be time-consuming for larger lists.
• Sequential Searches: Accessing a specific node in structures like linked lists often requires traversing each element in turn, resulting in O(n) search time.
• Limited Random Access: Some linear forms (e.g., linked lists) do not allow direct indexing, so locating one element in a long chain can be slow compared to random-access models.
• Possible Memory Waste: If arrays are significantly larger than the actual data held, the unoccupied indices remain idle, which may be inefficient in certain use cases.

Where Are Linear Data Structures Used in the Real World?

Linear data structures play a crucial role in solving real-world problems, from managing databases to optimizing processes in software systems. Let’s look at their key applications across different industries.

Applications of Arrays

Arrays are widely used in programming for their simplicity and efficiency in storing sequential data. Their fixed size and direct indexing make them ideal for various practical applications:

• Storing and Managing Data: Arrays are perfect for maintaining structured datasets like student records or employee IDs, enabling quick access and updates.
• Representing Matrices: Used extensively in mathematical computations and image processing, arrays store elements in rows and columns for efficient manipulation.

While arrays are great for static data, dynamic structures like linked lists offer more flexibility for evolving datasets.

Applications of Linked Lists

Linked lists excel in dynamic environments where data structures grow or shrink during runtime. Their ability to efficiently modify elements makes them versatile:

• Dynamic Memory Allocation: Ideal for situations where the size of the data structure is not fixed, such as managing an expanding list of tasks.
• Implementing Other Data Structures: Linked lists are the foundation for creating more complex structures like stacks and queues, which depend on dynamic memory allocation.

For specific operations like reversing data or managing undo actions, stacks are often the preferred choice.

Applications of Stacks

Stacks are specialized data structures that operate on the LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle, making them indispensable for managing temporary states and recursive tasks:

• Reversing Strings: Quickly reverse strings by pushing and popping characters.
• Browser Backtracking: Manage navigation history by storing visited pages and popping them as the user navigates back.
• Function Calls: Track recursive or nested function calls in programming by maintaining a stack of active calls.

While stacks are best for LIFO tasks, queues handle sequential operations and scheduling tasks more effectively.

Applications of Queues

Queues operate on the FIFO (First In, First Out) principle, making them perfect for maintaining order in processes and ensuring fairness in execution:

• Task Scheduling: Queues manage process scheduling in operating systems, ensuring tasks are executed in the order they arrive.
• Data Packet Management: Used in networking to handle packets in transmission queues, ensuring smooth and sequential data flow.

These practical applications highlight how linear data structures, such as arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues, effectively solve real-world challenges.

How to Learn and Implement Linear Data Structures Efficiently?

Mastering linear data structures is a crucial step in programming. Here’s how you can learn and implement them effectively:

Practical Steps to Learn:

1. Work on Beginner Projects:
   • Build a stack with push and pop functionality.
   • Implement a queue for ticket booking simulations.
   • Create a linked list to manage a playlist.
2. Take on Coding Challenges:
   • Practice array-based sorting and searching algorithms.
   • Solve problems on online platforms.
3. Recommended Programming Languages:
   • Python: Simple syntax for learning arrays and linked lists.
   • C++: Best for low-level memory management in data structures.
   • Java: Widely used for implementing stacks and queues in real-world applications.

Learn various programming languages for free with upGrad’s free courses, such as Learn Basic Python Programming and Core Java Basics, today!

Best Practices for Optimizing Linear Data Structures

To maximize the efficiency of linear data structures, it’s essential to follow best practices that ensure optimal performance and resource utilization. Here are a few tips and practices to get you started:

1. Choose the Right Structure for Your Use Case:

• Use arrays when you need constant-time access by index.
• Opt for linked lists when frequent insertions or deletions are required.
• Implement stacks for LIFO operations like undo functionality.
• Use queues for FIFO tasks like process scheduling or message passing.

2. Optimize Operations for Time and Space Complexity:

• Minimize unnecessary traversals by keeping track of visited nodes or indices.
• Reduce space usage by using dynamic structures like linked lists instead of fixed arrays for unknown sizes.

3. Avoid Common Pitfalls:

• Prevent memory overflows by allocating sufficient space for arrays.
• Handle inefficient traversals by designing algorithms with clear start and end conditions.
• Avoid redundant operations that could degrade performance in large datasets.

By applying these practices, you can effectively manage linear data structures for a wide range of applications, ensuring efficient and scalable solutions.

Learn the basics of data structures with upGrad’s free Data Structures & Algorithms course, and get ahead of your peers. 

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