What is a Zero-Day Attack? – Definition and Explanation

With our world becoming increasingly digital, there is an ever-increasing demand for skilled cybersecurity professionals. With this blog, we will learn more about ethical hacking, guiding professionals on their path to mastering this critical cybersecurity domain via a carefully curated list of ethical hacking books to help you pick up the required skills and competencies.  Understanding Ethical Hacking Ethical hacking, commonly known as penetration testing or white-hat hacking, involves the same tools, techniques, and procedures hackers employ but with one major difference— ethical hackers have permission to breach systems they test. Their primary goal? To discover vulnerabilities from a malicious hacker’s perspective to better enhance security. Selecting the Ideal Ethical Hacking Course Book Choosing the right ethical hacking books, beginner to advanced, is a step that aligns with your current knowledge level and your aspirations. Here are some points to consider: Experience Level: Ensure the book aligns with whether you’re a beginner or an expert. Comprehensive Content: It should cover various hacking tools, techniques, and the ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape. Hands-on Examples: It should have practical examples that aid understanding and application. Up-to-date Information: The cyber world changes rapidly. A book from five years ago might be outdated in today’s scenario. Reviews and Recommendations: Peer reviews can provide insights into the book’s usefulness. Top Beginner-Friendly Ethical Hacking Books Following is a list of books on ethical hacking primarily for beginners: 1. Hacking: The Art of Exploitation by Jon Erickson  Recognised as the gold standard, Erickson’s book is more than just a guide—it’s a deep dive into the foundations of hacking. This comprehensive manual offers readers a holistic understanding, covering various topics from network security and cryptography to exploit development.  It’s included in our list of hacking books for beginners because it thoroughly integrates diverse areas of ethical hacking into one cohesive narrative. 2. The Basics of Hacking and Penetration Testing by Patrick Engebretson  Engebretson’s work emerges as a beacon for those just beginning their journey in a field riddled with complexities. An articulate breakdown of intricate subjects simplifies hacking elements, from scanning and enumeration to vulnerability assessment.  Its brilliance lies in its ability to offer an unadulterated introduction while ensuring the in-depth coverage that forms the crux of our selection criteria for this list. Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. 3. The Hacker Playbook 2 by Peter Kim  This sequel stands out in our selection for its sheer applicability.  The world of ethical hacking demands more than just theoretical knowledge, and this is where Kim’s book thrives. Crafting meticulous step-by-step instructions on executing common hacking techniques, this is one of the top hacking books for beginners that acts as an invaluable asset, making it a practical compass in the ever-evolving landscape of cyber threats. 4. Penetration Testing: A Hands-On Introduction to Hacking by Georgia Weidman  Weidman’s approach is distinctive—her book emphasises active learning. By integrating practical exercises and projects, this book ensures that readers not only absorb the theoretical nuances but also grapple with tangible hacking challenges, making it one of the best ethical hacking books.  Its pragmatic methodology, combined with a comprehensive subject range, cements its position on our list. 5. The Web Application Hacker’s Handbook by Dafydd Stuttard and Marcus Pinto  With the rapid growth of web applications, their unique vulnerabilities cannot be ignored. This book earns its spot by addressing these security challenges head-on.  Stuttard and Pinto dive deep into threats like SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and session management, sculpting a narrative essential for anyone vested in web security. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? 6. Hacking: A Beginners’ Guide to Computer Hacking, Basic Security, and Penetration Testing by John Slavio  Every expert was once a beginner; this book is the bridge to advanced knowledge. Slavio’s guide ensures a smooth transition, efficiently elucidating topics from network security and social engineering to the art of password cracking.  Its strength lies in its ability to lay a robust foundational stone for ethical hacking, thus earning its inclusion in our list. 7. Computer Hacking Beginners Guide by James M. Brennan  As part of the best hacking books for beginners, Brennan’s guide stands out for its exhaustive scope. It provides a panoramic view, delving into areas like networking, security frameworks, and even the basics of programming.  Its comprehensive nature ensures that readers receive a well-rounded initiation, making it an irreplaceable resource for those seeking a sturdy foundation. 8. Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age by Paul Graham  Graham’s work is unique in our selection—it’s not just a hacking guide. Instead, it’s a thought leadership piece that offers readers a profound philosophical and historical insight into the hacker ethos and culture.  By exploring the intersection between technology and its societal implications, this collection of essays propels readers to rethink hacking’s nature, validating its place in our compilation of ethical hacking books for beginners. Book Name Author(s) Short Description Hacking: The Art of Exploitation Jon Erickson A comprehensive delve into hacking establishes a foundational understanding, from network security to exploit development. The Basics of Hacking and Penetration Testing Patrick Engebretson An introductory guide to ethical hacking, breaking down complex topics for easier comprehension. The Hacker Playbook 2 Peter Kim A practical sequel to penetration testing, detailing hacking techniques for various skill levels. Penetration Testing: A Hands-On Introduction to Hacking Georgia Weidman A blend of theoretical and hands-on hacking techniques, encouraging active engagement. The Web Application Hacker’s Handbook Dafydd Stuttard and Marcus Pinto An in-depth analysis of web application vulnerabilities, from SQL injection to session management. Hacking: A Beginners’ Guide to Computer Hacking, Basic Security, and Penetration Testing John Slavio A foundational guide for newcomers exploring network security, social engineering, and more. Computer Hacking Beginners Guide James M. Brennan A holistic introduction to hacking, discussing security, networking, and basic programming. Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age Paul Graham A thought-provoking essay collection offering philosophical insights into hacker culture and technological impact. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Essential Reads for Ethical Hacking Professionals Since professional white-hat hackers already have a basic understanding of the hacking world, the recommended books vary slightly from those recommended to beginners. Here is a specially curated list of the best ethical hacking books for professionals: 1. Gray Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker’s Handbook, Fifth Edition by Michael Gregg and David Kennedy  A definitive exploration into the grey areas of ethical hacking, this is one of the best books to learn ethical hacking that stands out for its balanced perspective between white hat and black hat hacking. It extensively covers penetration testing, social engineering, and malware analysis, offering readers a comprehensive understanding. The authors, renowned experts in their field, underscore the relevance of ethical hacking in modern security challenges. 2. The Hacker’s Playbook 3: Practical Guide to Penetration Testing by Peter Kim  As a sequel to its revered predecessors, this volume is tailored for experts aiming to sharpen their skills. Written by a seasoned professional, the book is a repository of step-by-step instructions on intricate hacking techniques, reflecting the latest advancements in the security landscape. 3. Practical Malware Analysis: The Hands-On Guide to Dissecting Malicious Software by Michael Sikorski and Andrew Honig Prioritising hands-on experience, this guide equips readers to dissect and understand malware intricacies. Authored by two industry stalwarts, it presents detailed malware analysis, hands-on projects, and insights into evolving threats, ensuring a holistic approach to cybersecurity and becoming a part of our list of best books to learn hacking. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript 4. Social Engineering: The Science of Human Hacking by Christopher Hadnagy  Delving deep into the psychological facets of social engineering, Hadnagy’s work stands out for its emphasis on the human element of cybersecurity. A must-read for experts, this book offers comprehensive insights into persuasion, manipulation, and deception techniques, drawing from the author’s vast professional experiences. 5. Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C by Bruce Schneier  A cornerstone in cryptography, Schneier’s magnum opus is an indispensable guide for any security professional. Covering everything from encryption and hashing to digital signatures, it highlights real-world applications, making complex cryptographic concepts accessible and practical. 6. Black Hat Python: Python Programming for Hackers and Pentesters by Justin Seitz  Highlighting Python’s versatility in hacking, Seitz’s guide demonstrates its utility in advanced penetration tests. This practical narrative integrates Python-centric exercises, automation in hacking, and expert insights, making it a unique amalgamation of theory and practice. 7. The Art of Deception: Controlling the Human Element of Security by Kevin Mitnick Authored by a legendary hacker, this book offers a deep dive into the human-centric side of security. It presents an in-depth analysis of persuasion, manipulation, and real-world deception techniques, making it a seminal work on social engineering and a prominent ethical hacking course book. 8. The Shellcoder’s Handbook: Discovering and Exploiting Security Holes by Chris Sulloway  Tailored for experts wishing to master exploits, Sulloway’s guide is an essential manual. With comprehensive coverage of topics like buffer overflows, code injection, and insights from experienced professionals, it provides depth and breadth on shellcoding. Book Name Author(s) Short Description Gray Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker’s Handbook, Fifth Edition Michael Gregg and David Kennedy A balanced exploration into ethical hacking, covering penetration testing, social engineering, and malware. The Hacker’s Playbook 3: Practical Guide to Penetration Testing Peter Kim An advanced guide with step-by-step instructions on intricate hacking techniques. Practical Malware Analysis: The Hands-On Guide to Dissecting Malicious Software Michael Sikorski and Andrew Honig Hands-on manual for malware analysis, with projects for dissecting and understanding malware. Social Engineering: The Science of Human Hacking Christopher Hadnagy Delving into the psychological aspects of social engineering with a focus on manipulation and deception. Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C Bruce Schneier Comprehensive coverage of cryptography, from encryption to digital signatures, with practical applications. Black Hat Python: Python Programming for Hackers and Pentesters Justin Seitz A unique guide showcasing Python’s potential in advanced penetration testing. The Art of Deception: Controlling the Human Element of Security Kevin Mitnick A deep dive into the human-centric side of security, exploring the intricacies of social engineering. The Shellcoder’s Handbook: Discovering and Exploiting Security Holes Chris Sulloway Expert guide to exploits, covering complex topics like buffer overflows and code injection. Advantages of Acquiring Ethical Hacking Skills With the escalating cyber threats, mastering ethical hacking has several benefits: Enhanced Security Skills: Understand vulnerabilities and safeguard your organisation. High Demand and Salary: Ethical hackers are sought-after with lucrative pay. Certification Opportunities: Ethical hacking skills open doors to certifications like CEH, which are highly regarded in the industry. Contribution to Cyber Safety: Play a role in safeguarding the digital ecosystem. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Conclusion Cybersecurity is not just about tools or technologies; it’s about understanding the hacker mindset. This curated list provides the best resources to bolster your cybersecurity skills. Dive into these books and emerge with enhanced knowledge, ready to tackle the challenges of the digital world. Frequently Asked Questions

Understanding cybersecurity’s threat landscape is critical for professionals and the general public. Among the most elusive yet potent threats out there are zero-day attacks. This blog aims to clarify the mystery surrounding zero-day attacks, providing a deep dive into their inner workings, identifying the actors behind them, and offering strategies for mitigating these unpredictable risks in cyber security. Understanding Zero-Day Attacks A zero-day attack refers to a cyber assault that takes advantage of an unidentified and unremedied security flaw in hardware or software. These vulnerabilities are not publicly disclosed nor known to the vendor, giving them no time—or “zero-days”—to develop and distribute a security patch. The zero-day attack meaning is fundamental to cyber security and presents substantial risks to private individuals, business entities, and governmental organisations. In the digital age, where data is as valuable as any tangible asset, zero-day attacks serve as silent alarms for cyber-security teams. They are essentially breaches waiting to happen, which can cause significant damage once exploited. Since these are previously unknown vulnerabilities, traditional security measures like antivirus software are often ineffective against zero-day attacks.  The Mechanics Behind a Zero-Day Exploit in Cybersecurity Zero-day attacks are highly sophisticated and executed with precision. They operate in a stealth mode, capitalising on vulnerabilities before the vendor even recognises the flaw, let alone patches it. Here’s a breakdown of how a typical zero-day attack unfolds: Initial Compromise: At this stage, attackers discover a vulnerability not yet identified by the software vendor or cybersecurity community. Code Development: Customised malicious code is created to exploit this vulnerability, forming the crux of the zero-day exploit attack. Deployment: The crafted code is deployed stealthily onto the targeted system, bypassing existing security measures because the system does not recognise it as a threat. Exfiltration: Finally, the attacker steals, alters, or corrupts data without detection, thus successfully completing the zero-day attack in cyber security. Unmasking the People Behind Zero-Day Exploits The agents behind zero-day attacks are diverse, and knowing who you’re up against is essential. Nation States: Often backed by governments, these attacks aim to compromise national security or steal confidential information. Hacktivists: Political or social activists seeking to push their agendas. Criminals: People looking to make financial gains through illegal means. Corporate Espionage: Rivals looking to gain a competitive edge. Pinpointing the Usual Suspects in a Zero-Day Exploit When it comes to zero-day attacks, no one is truly safe, but specific sectors are more susceptible. Government Agencies: Often targeted for the vast amount of confidential data they hold. Financial Institutions: Banks and other financial entities can be lucrative targets. Healthcare: With sensitive patient information, healthcare systems are often on the hit list. Individuals: High-net-worth individuals or those with specific technical skills can also be targeted. Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. Detecting the Undetectable: Zero-Day Attacks Zero-day attacks are notoriously difficult to detect because they exploit previously unknown vulnerabilities. You can employ various strategies to increase your chances of identifying these elusive threats.  Below are some key indicators and methods to focus on: Unusual System Behaviour: A sudden change in system performance, like slowing down or frequent freezing, could be an early sign of a zero-day attack in cyber security. Data Breach Notifications: Being alert to public announcements about data breaches can provide insights into possible zero-day exploit attacks that may affect your own systems. Security Alerts: An unusual spike in security alerts, particularly those that are difficult to trace to already known vulnerabilities, can signify a zero-day threat. Software Crashes: If software starts crashing frequently without a known cause, this could be an indicator of a system that’s been compromised. Behavioural Analysis: Some advanced security systems can identify unusual patterns in data flow or system behaviour that may indicate a zero-day exploit in cyber security. End-Point Detection and Response (EDR): EDR solutions can offer more advanced analytics that might detect irregular behaviours associated with zero-day attacks. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Real-World Zero-Day Attack Examples When it comes to attacks on zero-day in cyber security, theoretical knowledge alone isn’t enough; one must also understand the practical implications. Real-world zero-day attack examples offer insights into the devastating potential of such attacks and valuable lessons for future prevention and mitigation. Stuxnet: The Covert Saboteur: Stuxnet was a malicious worm aimed at Iranian nuclear facilities. It exploited multiple zero-day vulnerabilities and was designed to corrupt the centrifuges used in Iran’s uranium enrichment process. The worm successfully infiltrated the security systems, setting Iran’s nuclear programme back by years. Stuxnet is a potent example of how zero-day attacks can have geopolitical consequences. Heartbleed: A Bleeding Wound in Digital Trust: Heartbleed was not an attack per se but a zero-day vulnerability in the OpenSSL cryptographic software library. This vulnerability allowed attackers to read sensitive data directly from the memory of millions of web servers. Notably, this led to the exposure of user data, including passwords and credit card information. It was an eye-opener on how zero-day vulnerabilities could be exploited to compromise user data on a massive scale. WannaCry: The Ransomware Tsunami: In May 2017, the WannaCry ransomware spread like wildfire, affecting hundreds of thousands of computers across 150 countries. The ransomware exploited a Microsoft Windows zero-day vulnerability known as EternalBlue. WannaCry encrypted files on infected systems, demanding a ransom in Bitcoin for their release. It was a large-scale 0 day attack that disrupted critical infrastructures, including healthcare systems and financial services. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Preventing Zero-Day Attacks: A Complete Guide In the unpredictable world of cybersecurity, the phrase “prevention is better than cure” holds undeniable truth. While you can’t completely prevent zero-day attacks, you can adopt robust strategies to minimise their impact. Zero-day attack in cyber security is a critical issue, and being proactive in your safeguarding techniques can make all the difference. Here’s a look at some tried-and-tested measures to help you in preventing zero-day attacks. Regular Updates: The First Line of Defense Keeping your system and software up-to-date is crucial. Vendors often release patches that address known vulnerabilities, reducing the potential for zero-day vulnerability attacks. Use Antivirus Software: Your Virtual Bodyguard Choose antivirus software focusing specifically on zero-day threats. Some advanced antivirus solutions employ heuristics-based detection to identify new, unknown viruses or malware. Employee Training: The Human Firewall A well-educated workforce can be your best defence against zero-day attacks. Training programmes should focus on making staff aware of the risks of zero-day in cyber security and teach them how to identify suspicious activities. Backup Data: Your Security Net Backing up sensitive data is like having an insurance policy against zero-day exploit attacks. Even if an attack succeeds, you won’t lose valuable data. Employ both cloud-based and physical backup solutions for optimum protection. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): An Extra Layer Utilising MFA can prevent unauthorised access, even if someone manages to get hold of user credentials, making it an effective strategy against 0 day exploit in cyber security. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Difference Between Zero-day Vulnerability & Zero-day Attack In the complex cybersecurity arena, understanding terminologies and concepts is crucial. Specifically, comprehending the differences between a zero-day vulnerability and a zero-day attack can make or break your security strategy. Simply put, a zero-day vulnerability is like an unlocked door nobody knows about, while a 0 day attack is someone walking through that unlocked door and stealing your valuables. Let’s delve deeper into these terms to differentiate between them and understand their real-world implications for professionals looking to upskill in zero-day attack in cyber security. Zero-Day Vulnerability: The Hidden Dangers A zero-day vulnerability is an unknown and unpatched security flaw that could be exploited. It exists in the codebase but hasn’t yet been identified by the software vendor. Because it’s unknown, there’s no available patch, making it a ticking time bomb. These vulnerabilities can be present in any software—from operating systems to application software and even hardware. The Heartbleed vulnerability in OpenSSL is a notable real-world example that affected millions of websites and services. Zero-Day Attack: The Sinister Move In a zero-day attack, cyber security cybercriminals exploit an unknown vulnerability. Essentially, it’s the act of walking through the ‘unlocked door’ that is a zero-day vulnerability. It usually happens before the vendor or public is aware of the vulnerability, allowing for 0 day exploits. One infamous zero-day exploit example is the WannaCry ransomware attack, which exploited the EternalBlue vulnerability in Microsoft Windows operating systems. The Intersection and How It Matters Often, zero-day attacks may use multiple zero-day vulnerabilities to accomplish a goal. Moreover, the time between discovering a vulnerability and the subsequent attack can vary significantly, making the roles of proactive detection and prevention critical. That’s where advanced cybersecurity training can help, offering professionals the tools they need to identify and counteract these unpredictable security risks. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Zero-day Vulnerability Detection Uncovering zero-day vulnerabilities may seem like a Herculean task, but it’s doable. Adopting a proactive rather than a reactive approach often sets the stage for robust security protocols in cybersecurity. Even if a zero-day vulnerability is unknown or undisclosed, it’s possible to sniff out the potential threats that might exploit it. This section delves into the intricacies of detection methods used in cybersecurity, designed for professionals seeking to bolster their defences against zero-day threats in cybersecurity. Static Analysis: Scanning for the Unknown: Static analysis is akin to proofreading a document for errors without worrying about its practical implementation. Here, the code is scrutinised without being executed, focusing on its structure and potential weak points. Professionals can catch vulnerabilities early in the software development cycle by conducting static analysis. This makes it a cost-effective and efficient method for early detection of security issues, even before they manifest into zero-day exploits. Dynamic Analysis: Real-Time Vigilance: Unlike static analysis, the dynamic analysis examines the code’s behaviour as it runs in real time. It’s akin to a CCTV camera constantly surveying for unusual activities. This method is particularly useful for spotting zero-day exploits as they occur. Monitoring metrics like CPU usage, memory allocation, and network traffic makes identifying abnormal patterns indicative of a zero-day vulnerability being exploited easier. Fuzz Testing: Triggering the Untriggerable: Fuzz testing, also known as fuzzing, is the wild card in the detection methods. The approach is to intentionally bombard the system with invalid, unexpected, or random data inputs. The aim is to trigger vulnerabilities that may not be evident during regular operation. This helps identify unknown vulnerabilities, making it an excellent method for unearthing any zero-day threat. Detection Method What it Does Ideal For Static Analysis Examines code without executing it Early detection of vulnerabilities Dynamic Analysis Monitors the behaviour of running code Real-time detection of exploits Fuzz Testing Tests systems with random or invalid data inputs Identifying unknown vulnerabilities Zero-day vulnerabilities remain among the most daunting challenges in the fast-paced, ever-evolving world. Yet, with the proper detection methods, locating and neutralising these threats before they wreak havoc is feasible. Conclusion Zero-day attack cyber security poses an existential threat to both organisations and individuals. They are unpredictable and can be devastating. However, the risks can be mitigated with vigilance and proper cybersecurity hygiene. Several online platforms offer comprehensive courses to arm professionals with the required knowledge to tackle such threats effectively.

As our lives become increasingly intertwined with technology, robust cybersecurity measures are essential to safeguard personal, financial, and sensitive information, maintain critical infrastructure reliability, and uphold the trust that underpins our digital interactions and transactions. Cybersecurity is crucial to shield digital systems and data from a rising tide of cyber threats like botnet attacks. A Botnet attack can be debilitating because they enable cybercriminals to wield a vast network of compromised devices and exploit the collective power of the botnet to perform various malicious activities, such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, spamming, data theft, fraud, and more. To tackle botnets, ones must first know about what is botnet in cyber security.  In this article, we will be provide an in-depth understanding of what is botnet malware, uncover its inner workings, the intricacies of the Botnet architecture, as well as its ominous purposes. What is Botnet in Cyber Security? It is crucial to understand what is a botnet in detail before delving into the nitty-gritty involved in this malware. A Botnet attack is a cyber threat orchestrated by a network of infected computers (bots) controlled by a single cybercriminal (hacker). These attacks exploit the collective power of the botnet to perform illicit activities, like DDoS attacks, spamming, data theft, fraud, and more. A botnet architecture is typically constructed through malware infections, where unsuspecting users’ devices are infected and transformed into bots. The central controller, known as the “bot herder,” can then issue commands to the botnet, coordinating the actions of the compromised devices. How Does a Botnet Work? A botnet operates as a network of compromised computers, or “bots,” infected with malware. These infected devices are controlled by a central entity, often called the “bot herder” or “command and control server.” The process through which a botnet attack works involves several key steps: Infection: The botnet operator distributes malware to vulnerable computers through various means, such as email attachments, malicious downloads, or exploiting software vulnerabilities. Once a computer is infected, it becomes a bot. Communication: The infected bots establish a connection to the command and control (C&C) server, which serves as the brain of the botnet. This server is responsible for issuing commands to the bots and receiving data from them. Command Execution: The bot herder sends commands to the compromised devices, instructing them to perform specific actions. These commands can range from sending spam emails, launching DDoS attacks, stealing data, or participating in other malicious activities. Coordination: The botnet coordinates the actions of all its infected bots to carry out large-scale attacks. The combined computing power of the botnet can be used for various purposes, such as overwhelming a target website with traffic in a DDoS attack or spreading malware to other systems. Propagation: Some botnets can self-propagate by infecting other vulnerable devices. They can scan the internet for potential targets and exploit vulnerabilities to expand their network. Data Collection: Bots may collect and transmit data to the C&C server, including sensitive information like login credentials, personal data, or financial details. This data can be exploited for financial gain or other malicious purposes. Evolution: Botnets continuously evolve to evade detection and maintain their effectiveness. Bot herders may update the malware, change C&C servers, or use encryption to obfuscate communications. Detection and Mitigation: Detecting and mitigating botnets is a challenge. Security measures involve using intrusion detection systems, antivirus software, network monitoring, and timely software updates to prevent infections and disrupt the botnet’s operations. Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. The Inner Workings of the Botnet Architecture  The botnet architecture reveals a complex hierarchy and orchestrated coordination, enabling cybercriminals to wield significant power. This architecture involves distinct components:- Infected Devices (Bots): These are computers, smartphones, or other internet-connected devices infected with malware, allowing attackers to take control. Command and Control Server (C&C): The brain of the botnet, the C&C server, communicates with infected devices, issuing commands and collecting data. It is pivotal in orchestrating attacks and managing the botnet’s activities. Bot Herder: The individual or group behind the botnet, often called the bot herder, controls the C&C server. They dictate the botnet’s actions, such as launching attacks, gathering data, or distributing malware. Propagation Mechanisms: Botnets employ various methods to expand their network. This may involve exploiting vulnerabilities in software, using social engineering to trick users into downloading malware, or self-propagation, where bots search for and infect other vulnerable devices. Communication Protocols: To maintain control over the botnet, attackers establish communication channels between the C&C server and infected devices. These channels can be encrypted or hidden within seemingly legitimate traffic to evade detection. Attack Capabilities: Botnets can be tailored for specific purposes. Some are designed for DDoS attacks, overwhelming target websites with traffic. Others focus on spamming, data theft, distributing malware, or even cryptocurrency mining. Evasion Techniques: Botnet operators employ techniques to evade detection, such as using fast-flux DNS to constantly change IP addresses or employing polymorphic malware that changes its code to avoid signature-based detection. Lifecycle Management: Botnets have lifecycles that involve recruitment (infection of new devices), exploitation (utilising compromised devices for attacks), maintenance (updating malware and C&C servers), and eventual dismantling or replacement. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Common Forms of A Botnet Attack A botnet attack can be of several forms. They exploit the collective power of infected devices. Some of them include:- Phishing attacks Phishing attacks is a common botnet attack example and entails sending fraudulent emails online that appear to be from reliable sources like banks, government agencies or social media platforms. Botnets are often employed to distribute these phishing emails on a massive scale.  Recipients are deceived into clicking on malicious links or downloading attachments that contain malware. Once clicked, the malware can steal sensitive information like login credentials, credit card numbers, or personal data. Phishing attacks can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and unauthorised access to various accounts. Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks A DDoS attack is a prime Botnet attack example. It is used to flood a target website or server with overwhelming traffic. The sheer volume of requests makes the target system unable to respond to legitimate users, causing service disruptions.  DDoS attacks can impact businesses by rendering their websites inaccessible, leading to revenue losses and damaging their reputation. Botnets magnify the impact of DDoS attacks, enabling attackers to commandeer thousands or even millions of devices to participate in the assault. Brute force attacks Botnets are employed to launch brute force attacks, where they systematically attempt various combinations of usernames and passwords to gain unauthorised access to online accounts, servers, or other systems. These attacks exploit weak or commonly used passwords. Once a botnet gains access, attackers can steal data, install malware, or use the compromised account to launch further attacks. Brute force attacks highlight the importance of using strong, unique passwords and implementing account lockout and monitoring mechanisms. Spambots Spambots fall under the most common botnet attack example. They significantly contribute to the overwhelming volume of spam emails that inundate inboxes. Botnets are responsible for distributing these spam messages, which can contain malicious attachments, phishing links, or fraudulent offers.  Spambots not only clog email systems and annoy users but can also be used to spread malware or gather sensitive information from unsuspecting recipients. Effective spam filters and user education are crucial to mitigating the impact of spambot-driven campaigns. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Preventing a Botnet Attack After learning about what is a botnet, you need to take the next step – preventing a botnet attack. Tackling this form of malware requires a combination of proactive cybersecurity measures and user education. By adopting these preventive measures, organisations can significantly reduce the risk of botnet attacks and strengthen their overall cybersecurity posture. Here’s a comprehensive approach to safeguarding against botnet attacks: Use Strong Authentication: Implement strong, unique passwords for all accounts and systems. Consider using multi-factor authentication (MFA) whenever possible to add an extra layer of security. Regular Software Updates: Keep all operating systems, software, and applications updated with the latest security patches to address known vulnerabilities that botnets may exploit. Install and Update Antivirus/Anti-Malware Software: Use reputable security software to detect and remove malware from your devices. Keep it updated to ensure protection against the latest threats. Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Deploy firewalls and IDS solutions to monitor network traffic, block suspicious activities, and detect potential botnet communication. Email Filtering and Security: Utilise robust email filtering to identify and block phishing emails and spam messages, often used to distribute botnet malware. User Education: Train employees and users to recognise phishing attempts, suspicious attachments, and links. Educate them about safe online practices and the importance of not clicking on unknown or unsolicited links. Network Segmentation: Separate your network into segments to contain potential breaches and limit lateral movement for attackers who might gain access through a botnet. Disable Unnecessary Services: Disable or uninstall unnecessary services and applications on your devices to reduce potential attack surfaces. Monitor Network Traffic: Regularly monitor network traffic for unusual patterns or spikes that could indicate a botnet attack. Intrusion detection and prevention systems can assist in this regard. Behavioural Analysis: Use behavioural analysis tools to identify abnormal behaviour from devices and users, which could indicate botnet activity. Regular Backups: Perform regular backups of critical data and systems to ensure data recovery in case of a successful attack. Secure IoT Devices: Ensure proper security measures for Internet of Things (IoT) devices by changing default passwords, keeping firmware updated, and segmenting them from critical systems. Blocking Known Malicious IP Addresses: Utilise threat intelligence feeds and tools to block connections from known malicious IP addresses associated with botnets. Participate in Security Collaborations: Collaborate with industry groups, cybersecurity organisations, and law enforcement agencies to share threat intelligence and stay updated on emerging botnet threats. Incident Response Plan: Develop a comprehensive incident response plan that outlines steps to take in case of a botnet attack, including isolating compromised devices and restoring systems from backups. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Conclusion The threat posed by botnet attacks is a grave concern that demands our unwavering attention and proactive measures. Botnets represent a formidable weapon for cybercriminals, capable of executing large-scale and devastating attacks on individuals, businesses, and critical infrastructure.  The evolution of botnet techniques and their increasing sophistication underscore the urgency of adopting robust cybersecurity strategies. By remaining vigilant, keeping our systems updated, employing strong authentication practices, and embracing emerging technologies like AI-driven threat detection, we can mitigate the risks posed by botnets and safeguard the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of our online ecosystems.

In today’s digital era, with large cyber threats, the role of ethical hackers has become indispensable. As a result, many students fresh out of school ask, “How can I become an ethical hacker after 12th?” This blog will delve into the details of this fascinating field and understand how these cyber guardians play a pivotal role in defending our digital world. Whether you’re a tech enthusiast or someone passionate about cybersecurity, this blog aims to be your roadmap to becoming an ethical hacker post your schooling years. Ethical Hacking: A Deep Dive Into White-Hat Techniques Ethical hacking, also known as penetration testing or white-hat hacking, is the benevolent twin of traditional hacking. Delving deep into this domain, here’s a rundown of the different aspects of ethical hacking: i) Permission-based Hacking The cornerstone of ethical hacking is permission. Unlike black-hat hackers, ethical hackers have the express consent to probe, test, and analyse systems. ii) Tool Used Ethical hackers wield a wide array of tools. Their toolkit is expansive, from vulnerability scanners like Nessus and Wireshark for packet analysis to Metasploit for devising exploit codes. iii) Objective Their primary mission is two-fold: Discover Vulnerabilities: To identify weak points and vulnerabilities that malicious attackers might exploit. Enhance Protection: To reinforce and amplify system defences, ensuring data remains inaccessible to rogue elements. iv) Simulating Cyber-attacks Ethical hackers mimic real-world cyberattacks, testing the robustness of an organisation’s security posture. This hands-on approach is often the best way to identify overlooked weak spots. Role of Ethical Hackers At the heart of cybersecurity lies the indispensable role of ethical hackers. Cyber guardians’ primary objective is protecting an organisation’s data assets from threats. Beyond just identifying vulnerabilities, ethical hackers adopt a proactive approach, simulating cyber-attacks for better digital fortifications. Here’s a breakdown of their core responsibilities: 1. Penetration Testing Objective: To simulate real-world cyberattacks, determining how deep an attacker can infiltrate. Outcome: Revealing the existing defence mechanisms’ effectiveness and identifying potential gaps. 2. Vulnerability Assessment Scope: Goes beyond just penetration tests. It’s about a comprehensive review of security weaknesses. Outcome: Highlighting the vulnerabilities without necessarily exploiting them, leading to a prioritised list for remediation. 3. Security Assessment Aim: To provide a holistic view of an organisation’s security state. Outcome: Offering actionable insights, specific feedback on an organisation’s security posture, and bespoke recommendations for fortification. 4. Risk Assessment Purpose: To assess potential threats and the consequent result or loss if vulnerabilities were exploited. Outcome: Facilitating informed decision-making by quantifying the potential impacts and possible risks. 5. Security Policy Review & Formulation Goal: To ensure that an organisation’s security policies align with best practices and industry standards. Outcome: Development or refinement of policies that guide behaviour and actions related to information security. Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. Ethical Hacker Types Ethical hacking isn’t just about a single category of professionals. The spectrum of ethical hackers varies based on their intent, methods, and legal boundaries. To understand cybersecurity’s frontline warriors and learn how to become hacker after 12th, it’s crucial to acknowledge their diverse shades. Here’s a snapshot of the main categories: 1. White Hat Hackers Orientation: Ethical, law-abiding. Engagement: Mostly employed by organisations conducting authorised penetration tests. Objective: Strengthen organisational security, highlight vulnerabilities, and propose fortifications. 2. Black Hat Hackers Orientation: Malicious, unlawful. Engagement: Act independently or in organised groups without authorisation. Objective: Exploit vulnerabilities for personal or financial gains, causing harm or stealing sensitive data. 3. Grey Hat Hackers Orientation: Ambiguous; fluctuates between ethical and malicious. Engagement: Not officially associated with organisations but might inform them of a vulnerability, sometimes seeking a reward. Objective: A mix of personal interest, potential financial gain, or simply the thrill of the challenge. 4. Script Kiddies Orientation: Inexperienced, often using ready-made software. Engagement: Lack of profound understanding, reliant on existing hacking tools. Objective: Mostly thrill-seekers with limited knowledge, aiming for quick, often flashy results. 5. Hacktivists Orientation: Ideologically driven. Engagement: Aim to promote a political agenda or social change. Objective: Target systems to relay a message or raise awareness for a cause. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Ethical Hacking Course After 12th For young enthusiasts eager to dive into ethical hacking right after school, there are many diploma in ethical hacking after 12th courses that help shape their passion into a profession. Here’s a closer look at some of the leading courses: 1. Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Offered by: EC-Council Focus: Provides hands-on training in ethical hacking tools and techniques. Recognition: Globally acknowledged for its intensive curriculum. 2. CompTIA Security+ Focus: Lays a solid foundation for diving deeper into cybersecurity. Coverage: Includes topics like threat management, cryptography, and identity management. Suitability: Ideal for those seeking entry-level cybersecurity roles and is a great choice for those who are wondering how to become ethical hacker after 12th. 3. Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) Focus: A comprehensive course that delves deep into information security. Recognition: Globally revered for its depth and coverage. Suitability: Aspired by professionals aiming for senior cybersecurity roles. In addition to these, many online platforms provide specialised courses. These are curated to address the contemporary demands of the industry, emphasising practical application and real-world challenges. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Ethical Hacker Essential Skills – Beginner’s Edition The journey to building a career in ethical hacking after 12th is more than just course certificates and hands-on training. It’s about harnessing a unique blend of technical skill and mental agility. An ethical hacker should possess various innate and learned skills to stand out in cybersecurity. 1. Technical Proficiency: Core Areas: An adept understanding of computer networks, familiarity with various programming languages, and an in-depth grasp of different operating systems form the bedrock of ethical hacking. Network Nuances: Familiarity with firewalls, VPNs, proxies, and various types of malware is invaluable. 2. Analytical Thinking: Data Comprehension: Dissecting vast volumes of data, discerning patterns, and assessing vulnerabilities is crucial. Attention to Detail: Often, the most critical vulnerabilities lurk in minute details. 3. Problem Solving: Innovative Approaches: With cyber threats becoming more sophisticated, ethical hackers must have the skill to develop and deploy out-of-the-box solutions. 4. Knowledge of Law and Ethics: Guiding Principles: An ethical hacker must be well-versed in cyber laws, ensuring their activities remain within legal and ethical bounds. Integrity: Holding oneself to the highest ethical standards is non-negotiable. 5. Constant Learning: Dynamic Landscape: Ethical hackers must have a voracious appetite for knowledge and be proactive in updating themselves about the latest threats and countermeasures. Your Ethical Hacking Journey Post 12th: A Blueprint Aspiring to be an ethical hacker straight out of high school and asking the question, “and is a great answer to how to become ethical hacker after 12th”, might seem daunting at first, but the transition can be seamless with a systematic plan and dedication. Here’s a detailed guide to ease the process: Step 1: Lay the Groundwork with Basics Computer Science Fundamentals: Familiarise yourself with core concepts like algorithms, data structures, and basic programming constructs. Network Architecture: Delve into the intricacies of TCP/IP, subnets, VPNs, LAN setups, and protocols like HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and DNS. Databases & OS: Understand different databases (SQL, NoSQL) and get acquainted with operating systems, especially Linux and Windows, as they form the backbone of many servers. Step 2: Choose the Right Academic Path Relevant Courses: Opt for specialised courses tailored for cybersecurity enthusiasts. Platforms offer comprehensive modules to cultivate practical and theoretical knowledge. Step 3: Create a Personal Lab Simulation Environment: Use VirtualBox or VMware to set up virtual networks and machines. This allows for safe and ethical hacking exercises. Hands-on Challenges: Engage with platforms like Hack The Box or TryHackMe, which provide real-world scenarios to hone your hacking skills. Step 4: Network Online Forums & Communities: Platforms like Stack Exchange and GitHub offer avenues to discuss, share and learn from peers. Seminars & Workshops: Engage in cybersecurity events. Not only do these provide learning opportunities, but they also open doors for potential mentorships and job prospects. Step 5: Acquire Relevant Certifications Foundational: Start with certifications like CompTIA Security+ for a foundational grasp. Specialised: Progress to more specialised ones like the Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH). Step 6: Embrace the Ever-evolving Tech Landscape Stay Informed: With cyber threats changing constantly, it’s crucial to keep abreast with the latest trends, tools, and threats. Regular Training: Dedicate time for periodic training sessions, webinars, and online courses. Popular Courses & Articles on Software Engineering Popular Programs Executive PG Program in Software Development - IIIT B Blockchain Certificate Program - PURDUE Cybersecurity Certificate Program - PURDUE MSC in Computer Science - IIIT B Other Popular Articles Cloud Engineer Salary in the US AWS Solution Architect Salary in US Backend Developer Salary in the US Front End Developer Salary in US Web developer Salary in USA Scrum Master Interview Questions How to Start a Career in Cyber Security Career Options in the US for Engineering Students .wpdt-fs-000020 { font-size: 20px !important;} Navigating the Career Pathways in Ethical Hacking As ethical hacking continues to mature, several specialised roles have sprung up, catering to different aspects of cybersecurity. 1. Penetration Tester Role: To proactively hunt for systems, applications, or network vulnerabilities. Objective: Identify and rectify potential weak points before malicious hackers can exploit them. 2. Information Security Analyst Role: Are at the forefront of an organisation’s cyber defence. Objective: Monitor networks, detect anomalies, and initiate protective protocols against potential threats. 3. Security Engineer Role: They are the architects of the digital fortresses. Objective: Develop and maintain cutting-edge security infrastructure, integrating the latest technologies to keep cyber threats at bay. 4. Forensic Investigator Role: They are the detectives of the digital world. Objective: Investigate cybercrimes, trace digital footprints, gather crucial evidence, and aid in prosecuting cybercriminals. 5. Security Consultant Role: Strategists aiding businesses. Objective: Analyse an organisation’s security posture, understand its needs, and offer tailored solutions to fortify its digital domains. Enhancing Your Ethical Hacking Skills While ethical hacking textbooks provide foundational knowledge, real-world experience is the key to gaining expertise. Here’s how you can immerse yourself and gain practical experience: 1. Internships Advantages: Exposure to corporate security environments, mentoring by seasoned professionals, and understanding of real-world cybersecurity protocols. Tip: Seek opportunities in renowned cybersecurity firms or IT departments of larger companies for a well-rounded experience. 2. Online Challenges Online competitions: Simulate real-world scenarios where participants must exploit vulnerabilities, defend systems, or uncover hidden digital flags. Advantages: Enhance practical skills, network with like-minded individuals, and earn recognition in the hacking community. 3. Open Source Contribution Where to Start: Platforms like GitHub house numerous cybersecurity projects. Choose one that aligns with your interests. Advantages: Open source contributions refine your skills and exhibit your expertise to potential employers. It’s an excellent way to give back to the community and establish credibility. 4. Continous Learning Method: Attend workshops, enroll in advanced courses, and read up on the latest cyber threats and defense mechanisms. Advantages: Cybersecurity is a dynamic field. Regular updates ensure you stay ahead of cybercriminals and are prepared for emerging threats. Salary of Ethical Hackers in India The demand for ethical hackers has sharply risen in India, as reflected in their salary packages. This growth can be attributed to the burgeoning digitisation and the associated cyber threats organisations struggle with.  The earning potential across different experience levels varies depending on the company, sector and geographical location. An entry-level Ethical Hacker can earn up to INR 3-6 lakh annually, while mid-level professionals’ salary ranges between INR 7-15 lakh annually. For those with experience, the number lies around INR 20 lakh per annum.  In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Conclusion Ethical hacking involves possessing technical skills and embracing a keen analytical mindset, a strong ethical compass, and a constant thirst for knowledge. The pathway might initially seem daunting for individuals embarking on this journey after their 12th, but the opportunities and rewards awaiting them are worth the effort.  To thrive as an ethical hacker, continuous upskilling and adaptability are key. Thus, while the initial steps involve gaining the requisite certifications and theoretical understanding, hands-on experience and real-world problem-solving truly shape an ethical hacker.

Checksums are an essential component of the IP protocol, the underlying technology that enables the internet to function. The checksum method implements the checksum using bit addition and bit complement methods. Using a checksum or other error-detection approach is necessary to identify any damage to the data while it is being transported across the network channel.  This blog will explain what is checksum with examples, how it works, and the many types. Continue reading to learn how to use checksums on different operating systems. What Is Checksum? Checksum is a technique used to determine the authenticity of received data and to detect whether there was an error in transmission. It is an error detection algorithm that adjoins redundant bits in a message for detecting errors and is capable of working on any message length. Before transmission, every piece of data or file might be issued a checksum value after executing a cryptographic hash function.  Checksums function by giving the party on the receiving end information about the transmission to ensure that the complete range of data is transmitted. The checksum value is often a long string of letters and numbers that operate as a fingerprint for a file or set of files to identify the number of bits contained in the transmission.  Checksums are frequently called hash values or unique numbers generated by cryptographic techniques and work like digital data fingerprints. Creating and comparing checksums is sometimes called ‘fixity checking’. Checksums are used to test data integrity and discover data corruption problems. Checksum functions are linked to hash functions, fingerprints, randomisation, and cryptographic hash functions. Why Use Checksum? Here are the reasons to use checksum: Error detection: A checksum facilitates the identification of potential faults that could occur while transmitting data. This lets the recipient juxtapose the received data with the provided checksum value. When a disparity between the checksum and the received data exists, it indicates errors or alterations within the data. Data integrity: Checksums are crucial in preserving data’s integrity and protecting it against tampering or corruption during storage and transit. A comparison between the computed and the received checksum makes it possible to ascertain whether the data has remained unaltered. Anomaly identification: A checksum is produced and sent together with the data before transferring data. The recipient then calculates its checksum from the received data and compares it with the checksum. If they don’t match, it signals that something went wrong in the transmission. Data fidelity: Checksums confirm that the entire dataset has been correctly transferred. If any part of the data is lost or altered during transmission, the checksum will likely not match, indicating a problem. Error localisation: In some circumstances, checksums might help determine where mistakes occurred. By breaking the data into smaller chunks and calculating checksums for each chunk, faults can be traced to specific data segments. Quick verification: Checksums are generally quick and easy to calculate. This makes them efficient for checking data integrity, especially when working with enormous amounts of information. Security: In cryptographic applications, checksums are used to produce digital signatures and verify the authenticity of data. Strong cryptographic checksums provide a layer of protection against unwanted alterations. Checksum Algorithm Types Types of Checksum Algorithms Several checksum algorithms detect errors in data transmissions and verify data integrity. Here are some common types: Longitudinal Parity Check: This is the simplest checksum procedure. It splits the input into “words” with a specified amount of bits and computes the exclusive or (XOR) of all those words. The result is attached to the message as an additional word. Fletcher’s Checksum: Fletcher’s checksum technique is designed to identify flaws that affect many bits at once. It employs a mix of addition and modulo operations to generate the checksum. Adler-32: Adler-32 is a checksum method that fairly balances speed and error detection capability. It employs modular arithmetic techniques to calculate the checksum. Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRCs): CRCs are commonly used checksum algorithms that can identify various mistakes. They employ polynomial division to calculate the checksum. Cryptographic Hash Functions: Cryptographic hash functions, for example, MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, and SHA-512, find utility in creating cryptographic checksums. These algorithms conduct multiple mathematical processes to obtain a fixed-length hash value that works as a checksum to validate the integrity of a file. Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. Step-By-Step Guide to the Checksum Error-Detection Technique  The checksum approach needs a checksum generator and a checksum checker on the sender and receiver sides, respectively. The process entails splitting the data into fixed-sized segments and employing a 1’s complement to find the sum of these segments. The calculated sum is then transmitted simultaneously with the data to the addressee.  At the receiver’s end, the same operation is repeated, and if all zeroes are reached in the total, the data is legitimate. If the result is non-zero, it signals the data comprises a mistake, and the receiver rejects it.  The checksum identifies all the faults involving an odd number of bits and the mistakes involving an even number of bits. The main problem of the checksum technique is that the error goes unnoticed if one or more bits of a subunit are erroneous. The checksum error-detection method involves the following steps: Checksum generator: The sender employs a checksum generator to determine the checksum of the data to be delivered. Adding checksum to data: The checksum is attached to the data and transmitted to the recipient. Checksum checker: The receiver uses a checksum checker to confirm whether the correct data is received. Dividing data into subunits: The receiver separates the received data unit into multiple subunits of equal length. Adding subunits: The receiver adds all these subunits, including the checksum as one of the subunits. Complementing resulting bit: The resulting bit is then complemented. Error detection: The data is error-free if the complemented result is zero. If the result is non-zero, it signifies the data includes an error, and the receiver rejects it. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Checksum on the Sender’s End [Step wise] The sender side performs the checksum procedure by dividing the original data into blocks, adding them, complementing the result, and getting the checksum. The checksum is subsequently added to the original data bit and data transmission resumes. On the sender side, the following processes are involved in the checksum error-detection approach: Divide the original data into n-bit chunks in each block. Add all k data blocks together. The addition result is supplemented by the complement of one. The data acquired is called the checksum. Combine the checksum value with the original data bit. Start the data transfer. Checksum at the Receiver End [Step wise] Here are the step-by-step instructions for checksum at the receiver side: Divide the supplied data into ‘k’ pieces. Add the checksum value to each of the ‘k’ data blocks. The addition result is supplemented by the complement of one. If the result is 0, there are no mistakes in the data received from the sender, and the receiver accepts the data. If the result is non-zero, the data includes an error, and the receiver rejects it. Detecting Checksum Errors: A Solved Example Here is an example of using checksum for error detection: Assume we wish to send the following 8-bit data: 11010011. We may employ a simple checksum approach to detect flaws in this message. Separate the data into four-bit segments 1101 and 0011. Using 1’s complement arithmetic, add the segments: 1101 + 0011 = 10000. Remove the carry bit and take the result’s 1’s complement: 0111. To generate the sent message, append the checksum to the original data: 110100110111. Divide the received message into four 4-bit segments: 1101, 0011, and 0111. Using 1’s complement arithmetic, add the segments: 1101 + 0011 + 0111 = 10011. Remove the carry bit and take the result’s 1’s complement: 0110. If the result is 0, the received frames are considered error-free. If the result is non-zero, it signifies the data includes an error, and the receiver rejects it. This example demonstrates how to use a checksum to detect problems in data transport. Upper-layer protocols employ checksums as a reliable error detection approach. Popular Courses & Articles on Software Engineering Popular Programs Executive PG Program in Software Development - IIIT B Blockchain Certificate Program - PURDUE Cybersecurity Certificate Program - PURDUE MSC in Computer Science - IIIT B Other Popular Articles Cloud Engineer Salary in the US AWS Solution Architect Salary in US Backend Developer Salary in the US Front End Developer Salary in US Web developer Salary in USA Scrum Master Interview Questions How to Start a Career in Cyber Security Career Options in the US for Engineering Students .wpdt-fs-000020 { font-size: 20px !important;} Sender End [Step wise] Here is a step-by-step example of checksum error detection at the sender side: Divide the data: Divide the original data into blocks of a specific number of bits. Add the data blocks: Combine all of the data blocks. Complement the result: Using 1’s complement, take the complement of the addition result. Obtain the checksum: The checksum is the acquired data after complementing. Let’s take an example to illustrate these steps: Suppose we have the following data to be transmitted: 10110101. Divide the data: Divide the data into blocks with a certain number of bits in each block. Let’s assume we divide it into 4-bit blocks: 1011 and 0101. Add the data blocks: Add all the data blocks together: 1011 + 0101 = 10000. Complement the result: Take the complement of the addition result using 1’s complement: 01111. Obtain the checksum: The resulting data after complementing is known as the checksum. In this situation, the checksum is 01111. The sender will then transfer the original data with the checksum to the recipient. The receiver will conduct the identical processes to produce the checksum and compare it with the received checksum to discover any flaws in the data transmission. Note: This is only a simplified example of checksum error detection stages. In practice, more advanced algorithms and error detection methods may be used. Receiver End [Step wise] Here are the in-depth directions for the receiver side of a solved checksum error detection example: Receive the sender’s data and checksum. Divide the data into equal-sized pieces. Add all of the blocks, including the checksum. Take the sum’s complement. If the complement is 0, the data is error-free and acceptable. If the complement is greater than zero, the data is incorrect and should be disregarded. Upper-layer protocols employ this form of error detection, deemed more trustworthy than other methods such as LRC, VRC, and CRC. Checksum error detection entails computing a number known as the checksum to determine whether or not the data transported from the sender to the receiver has been corrupted. The transmitter uses the checksum generator to check for mistakes, while the receiver uses the checksum checker. The checksum detects any faults involving an odd number of bits and errors involving an even number of bits. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Conclusion Checksums are vital for confirming the validity and integrity of data transmissions. They function by assigning a value to a piece of data or file that works as a form of fingerprint, which can be used to detect high-level faults inside data transmissions. Checksums are used in various applications, from software downloads to the fundamental technology that enables the internet to function.

In a computer network, a network device links fax machines, printers, and other electronic devices to the network. Network devices allow quick, accurate, and reliable data transfer across one or more networks. Devices used for network connections encompass hubs and switches designed to facilitate numerous devices’ connection. Hubs operate within the physical layer and are used to forward signals to ports, while switches help manage data routing and transmission in the network web. Hubs and switches share the role of interconnecting devices in a LAN, but switches offer a more efficient and organised approach by selectively forwarding data based on MAC addresses, resulting in improved network performance. It is important to have an in-depth understanding of the key points of difference between a hub and a switch to determine their roles in computer networking. This blog is a comprehensive guide to help determine which networking device is better suited to your needs by learning the key points of the hub vs. switch difference. Hub: A Brief Summary  A hub is a fundamental networking tool that joins several computers in a broadcast technique called Local Area Network (LAN). As the number of linked devices rises, this shared broadcast technique may cause network congestion and decreased effectiveness. Compared to more sophisticated devices like switches, the hubs’ shortcomings in controlling network traffic have made them obsolete. A hub’s main purpose is to broadcast and amplify data to all connected devices, but it cannot effectively manage network traffic or intelligently route data to particular recipients. Switch: A Brief Summary  A switch is an OSI data link layer-operated networking device that connects various devices inside a local area network (LAN). A switch, as opposed to a hub, is intelligent enough to recognise the MAC addresses of the devices connected to it. This improves network efficiency and performance by enabling the switch to forward data to the designated device selectively. Switches enable simultaneous data transfer without collisions and enhance overall network functionality by creating distinct collision zones for each of their ports.  Modern networks must have switches because they offer better control over data traffic and maximise the utilisation of available bandwidth. A switch works by forwarding data frames in an intelligent manner according to their MAC addresses.  Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Different Types of Hubs Here are the three kinds of hubs: Active Hub: An active hub, sometimes called a concentrator, has its own power source. It may clean, enhance, and relay the signal alongside the network. It serves as both a repeater and a wiring centre. They are also used as extensions for two or more nodes. Active hubs have repeating capabilities to strengthen signals in a network. They amplify both signals and noise, which can be a limitation. They can additionally accommodate multiple sets of network connections. Passive Hub: This hub gathers electricity from the active hub and wire from nodes. Passive hubs provide signals to the network without cleaning or amplifying them. It cannot be used to increase the distance between nodes. These hubs do not include any computerised elements and do not process data signals. Their main function is to connect signals from various network cable segments. All devices connected to a passive hub receive all the packets that pass through it. Intelligent Hub: An intelligent hub is an active hub type that offers extra features like network traffic monitoring and management capabilities. These hubs frequently came with fundamental administration features like remote configuration and diagnosis. Intelligent hubs are also known as smart hubs. They have special software that allows them to perform management functions in the network. This software helps in identifying and isolating network issues.  Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Features of Hub Some of the essential hub features have been elucidated below to help you discern the stark differences between hub vs. switch in networking: Compatible with broadcasting and shared bandwidth: A hub is a networking device operating at the OSI model’s physical layer. All devices linked to a hub share the same available bandwidth. When multiple devices attempt to transmit data simultaneously, they contend for access to this shared bandwidth. One broadcast domain and one collision domain: Hubs create a single broadcast domain within a network segment, allowing devices to communicate directly using broadcast packets. Furthermore, they establish a solitary collision domain.  Since all connected devices share this collision domain in a hub, collisions are more likely if multiple devices transmit data concurrently. Working at the OSI model’s physical layer: Hubs operate exclusively at the lowest layer of the OSI model, which is the physical layer. Their primary function is to facilitate the basic transmission of raw data over the physical medium, such as transmitting electrical signals over network cables. Supports half-duplex transmission mode: Hubs typically support half-duplex transmission mode, which means that devices connected to a hub can either transmit or receive data at any given time but not both simultaneously. This contrasts with full-duplex communication, where simultaneous transmission and reception are possible. Packet collisions are more common: Collisions occur when multiple devices connected to a hub attempt to transmit data simultaneously. Due to their basic broadcast-based operation and lack of traffic management capabilities, hubs are more susceptible to packet collisions when compared to network switches, which can intelligently handle and reduce collisions. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Types of Switches There are two types of switches. They have been discussed below:- Manageable switches: Manageable switches are sophisticated networking devices equipped with features that facilitate the configuration and management of a network. They typically come with a dedicated console port, which allows network administrators to establish a direct physical connection for initial setup and troubleshooting.  Additionally, manageable switches can be assigned an IP address, making it possible to manage them remotely over the network.  Unmanageable switches: Unmanageable switches, in contrast, are more straightforward devices primarily designed for plug-and-play simplicity. They lack a console port, meaning that direct physical access for configuration is impossible.  Furthermore, unmanageable switches do not support the assignment of IP addresses. As a result, they cannot be configured or managed remotely through traditional network management protocols or web interfaces.  In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Features of Switch  These are some key characteristics of the switch:- It is a gadget of the Data Link layer (Layer 2): A network switch operates at the OSI model’s Data Link layer (Layer 2). It examines the MAC (Media Access Control) addresses of incoming Ethernet frames to make forwarding decisions within a local network segment, enhancing efficient data transmission. It operates on a fixed bandwidth: Network switches operate on a fixed or dedicated bandwidth for each port. Each connected device can use the allocated bandwidth simultaneously, ensuring predictable and consistent network performance. It keeps a MAC address database: Switches maintain a MAC address table that records the MAC addresses of devices connected to their ports. This database efficiently forwards data frames only to the appropriate port where the destination device is located, reducing unnecessary network traffic. Enables you to set up a virtual LAN: Switches allow network administrators to configure Virtual LANs (VLANs), logical network segments created within a physical network. This feature enhances network segmentation, security, and traffic management by isolating groups of devices into separate broadcast domains. It operates like a bridge with multiple ports: A network switch can be likened to a multi-port bridge. It intelligently forwards data frames between devices within the same network segment based on MAC addresses, effectively segmenting the network and reducing collision domains. Typically, it has 24-48 ports: Network switches come in various sizes, but typical models are equipped with 24 to 48 ports, accommodating a range of devices within a local network. Larger switches with more ports are available for larger-scale networks. Half-duplex and full-duplex transmission modes are supported: Network switches support both half-duplex and full-duplex transmission modes. In half-duplex mode, devices can transmit or receive data at a given time, while in full-duplex mode, they can simultaneously transmit and receive, improving network efficiency and reducing collisions. Hub vs. Switch  Parameter  Hub Switch Layers Physical layer (Layer 1) Data link layer (Layer 2) Function Broadcasts data to all devices  Selectively forwards data to specific devices based on MAC addresses  Data Transmission Type  Half duplex Half duplex or full duplex  Device Type  Passive device Active device  Used in  (LAN, WAN, MAN) Primarily LAN Primarily LAN Table  No address table MAC address table for forwarding data Transmission mode  Shared network bandwidth Dedicated bandwidth per port Definition Basic networking device connecting devices in a LAN  Advanced networking device intelligently routing data Broadcast Domain  Single Broadcast domain for all devices  Limited to Individual switch ports Speed Typically 10/100 Mbps Can be 10/100/1000/10000 Mbps (Gigabit and beyond) Addresses Used  MAC addresses MAC addresses Necessary for internet connection No, obsolete for modern setups No, replaced by routers and more advanced networking devices  Device Category Outdated  The preferred choice for modern networks Manufacturers Limited presence due to obsolescence Widely manufactured by networking companies  Collisions  Prone to collisions due to shared bandwidth Minimises collisions with individual collision domains Spanning Tree Protocol Not applicable  Used in network loops prevention (RSTP, MSTP) Conclusion  Learning to compare hub vs. switch is pivotal, as it helps you understand the fundamental disparities between these two devices. While hubs merely broadcast data to every connected device, switches emerge as the intelligent orchestrators of data, selectively directing information to the intended recipients based on MAC addresses.  This hub vs. switch difference underscores the evolution in networking paradigms, with switches reigning as the preferred choice in contemporary setups. Their capability to minimise congestion, optimise bandwidth usage, and foster dedicated collision domains exemplifies their superiority in enhancing network performance.  As technology advances and demands grow, the transformative journey from hubs to switches becomes emblematic of the ever-evolving landscape of efficient and responsive network architectures.

In today’s digital age, where technology is used extensively, keeping our digital items safe is crucial. That’s where ethical hacking comes in – it’s like a digital superhero that defends us against cybercrime. It checks computers, networks, and applications to uncover weak spots before hackers can exploit them. Exploring the world of cybersecurity becomes accessible with an ethical hacking course for beginners. Define Ethical Hacking Ethical hacking, often known as penetration testing, is lawfully breaking into a computer system, application, or network to find vulnerabilities and security shortcomings. It includes replicating the techniques and behaviours of malicious attackers to find possible security flaws before they can be exploited.  Ethical hackers, often known as white hat hackers, are security specialists who conduct these evaluations with the authority of the system owners. Ethical hacking is a blend of technical expertise, creativity, and problem-solving skills, all aimed at keeping our digital world safe and secure. Fundamentals of Ethical Hacking Here are some basics of ethical hacking: An ethical hacker must obtain written permission from the proprietor of the computer system they are testing. Ethical hackers should protect the privacy of the agency being hacked. They perform protection assessments and penetration checking to improve an enterprise’s protection posture. Ethical hacking includes mimicking the movements of malicious attackers to perceive vulnerabilities that can be resolved. Ethical hackers use numerous tools and techniques to experiment with vulnerabilities, take advantage of them, and provide remediation recommendations. Continuous learning and staying updated with modern-day hacking methods and security technologies are essential for ethical hackers. Syllabus of Ethical Hacking Courses Ethical hacking for beginners courses predominantly teach the tools and techniques used by hackers and penetration testers, and they cover three major topics in general — ethical hacking, penetration testing, and cyber forensics. The length and cost of the course vary depending on the institution and subject. Introduction The syllabus for the best hacking course for beginners changes from online platforms to institutions. However, specific themes are covered by all universities/colleges. Some of the common topics include hacking concepts, ethical hacking concepts, information security controls, penetration testing concepts, cyber ethics-hacking introduction, information gathering, scanning, Google hacking database, trojans and backdoors, sniffers and keyloggers, virus and virus analysis, DNS, IP spoofing, HoneyPots, system hacking and security, website hacking and security, and mobile and wireless security.  Ethical Hacking Techniques Here are some ethical hacking techniques covered by all ethical hacking courses: Penetration testing: This entails simulating an assault on a system or network to uncover vulnerabilities that hostile attackers might exploit. Vulnerability scanning: This involves using automated technologies to scan a system or network for known flaws. Wireless network testing: Here, the security of wireless networks is assessed to find flaws that attackers might exploit. Password cracking: This entails attempting to crack passwords to gain unauthorised access to a system or network. Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. Ethical Hacking Tools Here are some of the top ethical hacking tools that security professionals use to test the security of computer systems and networks: Nmap: A network mapping tool that helps find hosts and services on a network. Wireshark: A network protocol analyser that collects and looks at network facts. Metasploit: A penetration checking out device that assists in checking the security of computer structures and networks. Aircrack-ng: A package of equipment that may be used to check the safety of wireless networks. Burp Suite: A web software-safety testing device that can be used to check the security of online apps. Nessus: A vulnerability checker that can scan computer structures and networks for flaws. John the Ripper: It is an open-source password security auditing and password recovery tool available for many operating systems. SQLMap: A tool that checks the security of SQL databases. NetBIOS: A device that can accumulate information about a goal community or device. Nikto: A web server checker that tests the safety of internet websites. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Must-Have Skills for Ethical Hackers Here are some of the key skills an ethical hacker must possess: Technical competence: Ethical hackers must be technically adept and have in-depth knowledge of computer interaction. They should possess at least a fundamental grasp of coding abilities in several common languages. Networking skills: One of the most critical talents to become an ethical hacker is networking skills. The computer network is a web of connected devices, commonly defined as hosts, linked using multiple channels to send/receive data or media. Scripting and programming: White hat hackers should have solid hands-on programming abilities and be specialists in scripting. They should be exposed to different operating systems, including Windows and Linux, and understand the backend database. In-depth understanding of security: An extensive understanding of the various risks and weaknesses that can breach organisational systems is essential. They should be aware of the many networking security and safety protocols available. Passion: Ethical hackers must have a passion for problem-solving and remain within the limits of the engagement. Tenacity: They should be tenacious with a passion for continuous learning. Attention to detail: Ethical hackers must pay meticulous attention to detail and be able to spot even the tiniest weaknesses in a system. Analytical skills: White hat hackers should have good analytical skills and be able to think critically to detect potential security concerns. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Significance of Ethical Hacking Ethical hacking is an essential aspect of cybersecurity and has several key benefits: Identifying vulnerabilities: Ethical hackers use their expertise and skills to find possible holes in a system before hostile attackers may exploit them. Preventing data breaches: Ethical hacking helps prevent data breaches by finding and correcting security flaws in a system. Enhancing security measures: It helps firms examine the efficiency of their existing security measures. Staying ahead of cyber risks: The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, with new threats and attack strategies appearing daily. Ethical hacking helps firms avoid these threats by regularly testing and updating their security solutions. Ethical Hacking Types Black Box Penetration Testing: This hacking involves simulating an attack from an external source without prior knowledge of the system being tested. The ethical hacker cannot access internal information and must rely on external reconnaissance tactics to uncover flaws. Gray Box Penetration Testing: The ethical hacker has little knowledge of the system being evaluated in this testing. They may have access to some internal information, such as network diagrams or user passwords, which might aid them in discovering vulnerabilities. White Box Penetration Testing: Also known as clear box or glass box testing, the ethical hacker has full information and access to the system being examined in this testing. They have access to internal documentation, source code, and other sensitive information, allowing them to examine and detect vulnerabilities extensively. Network Penetration Testing: This ethical hacking focuses on detecting weaknesses in a network architecture. It entails analysing the security of routers, switches, firewalls, and other network devices to verify that they are correctly set and secured against potential threats. Web Application Penetration Testing: Online application penetration testing entails examining the security of web applications, such as websites or online-based software. Ethical hackers study the application’s code, configuration, and server architecture to uncover vulnerabilities that attackers might exploit. Seven Steps of Ethical Hacking The seven stages are: Reconnaissance/Footprinting: This step involves obtaining information about the target system or business, such as IP addresses, domain names, and employee names. Scanning: In this stage, the ethical hacker uses tools to scan the target system for vulnerabilities, such as open ports, obsolete software, and weak passwords. Gaining Access: Once vulnerabilities have been found, the ethical hacker seeks to exploit them to access the target system. Maintaining Access: After getting access, the ethical hacker seeks to retain access to the system by building backdoors or installing malware. Clearing traces: In this final stage, the ethical hacker seeks to conceal their traces by erasing logs and other proof of their activity. Reporting: This stage entails documenting the vulnerabilities and exploits uncovered throughout the ethical hacking process and presenting them to the enterprise. Remediation: The last stage entails repairing the vulnerabilities uncovered during the ethical hacking process to improve the security of the system or organisation. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript How Can I Study Ethical Hacking? Here are some steps you can take to start learning ethical hacking: Understand the basics  Before getting into ethical hacking, it’s vital to have a basic grasp of computer systems and networks. This involves knowledge of networking equipment, protocols, webpages, web technologies, and other components of online infrastructures. Get certified  Obtaining an IT security certification can assist in demonstrating your knowledge and expertise in ethical hacking. Some prominent certifications are Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), and Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP). Stay up-to-date Ethical hacking is continually growing. Therefore, staying current with the newest tools, techniques, and vulnerabilities is crucial. This includes attending conferences, engaging in online forums, and following industry experts on social media. What are the Fundamental Needs for Learning Ethical Hacking? Here are some fundamental requirements for learning ethical hacking: Computer Skills: An excellent grasp of computer systems, including business systems, online, social media, and databases. Networking Skills: Knowledge of network models, internet protocols, IP addresses, routers, servers, clients, transmission media, access points, shared data, and network interface cards. Operating System Proficiency: A strong grasp of operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and macOS Programming Skills: Knowledge of programming languages like Python, C, C++, Java, and Ruby. Why Pursue a Career in Ethical Hacking? Here are some reasons why you should consider ethical hacking as a career: Plenty of opportunities: Cyber assaults are rising globally, leading to an ever-increasing demand for ethical hackers. Thus, there are lots of prospects for cybersecurity specialists. Good salary: Ethical hacking is profitable for IT experts or hopefuls with excellent salary packages. Job never gets boring: Ethical hacking is a dynamic area that demands ongoing learning and development of new talents. This guarantees that there is no monotony in the job. Greater sense of achievement: Ethical hackers are critical in safeguarding systems and data against threats and assaults. This might offer them a better sense of achievement. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Conclusion Ethical hacking is a rapidly expanding industry with various prospects for anyone interested in cybersecurity. To become a proficient ethical hacker, starting with the basics and developing a rudimentary grasp of computer networking, programming languages, and online applications is vital. It is also necessary to observe ethical rules and acquire consent from the entity that owns the system before undertaking any security evaluation.  Aspiring ethical hackers should be prepared to put in a lot of labour and dedication to uncover and exploit system flaws. With the increasing importance of online security, enrolling in the best ethical hacking course for beginners would be a wise investment.

With the world increasingly foraying into the digital realm, cybersecurity has become a priority for all, from businesses, organisations, and governments to individuals. Among the many arenas within cybersecurity, ethical hacking has emerged as one of the fastest-growing sectors in the IT industry, thus making it one of the most sought-after careers. At such a juncture, ethical hacking courses give you the boost needed to start your career as an ethical hacker.  Ethical hacking students delve into identifying vulnerabilities, curating defences, and apprehending potential breaches. With the help of hands-on practice, ethical hacking courses foster a new generation of experts adept at countering cyber security threats.  If you, too, want to pursue ethical hacking courses and kickstart your career but are unsure where to start, you are at the right place. This blog offers a roadmap into the what and how of ethical hacking courses perfect for beginners.  What Does Ethical Hacking Mean? Ethical hacking is a technology-focused course that educates students about systematically probing computer systems with authorisation. It delves into exploiting system vulnerabilities for constructive purposes. Esteemed firms often seek ethical hackers to enhance security and access sensitive data.  Aspiring ethical hackers can pursue B.Tech., M.Tech, B.Sc., and M.Sc. degrees. Both undergraduate and postgraduate programmes are available. Bachelor’s entry usually requires a 10+2 qualification, with admission depending upon the entrance exam performance. Postgraduate studies require a prior bachelor’s degree.  Key Features of Ethical Hacking Courses Here are the key features of an ethical hacking course: Degrees conferred B.Sc., B.Tech., M.Sc., M.Tech. Eligibility Undergraduate, 10+2 Postgraduation, Undergraduate degree Admission procedure Undergraduate, Entrance Exam/ Cut-off Postgraduation, Entrance Exam/ Cut-off Noteworthy exams to take Undergraduate: KIITEE UPESEAT HITSEE VITEEE Postgraduate: GATE VITMEE IPUCET Career prospects  Ethical Hacker, Information Security Analyst, Information Security Manager, Security Consultant Average annual salary INR 7.29 LPA Courses with Specialised Focus Numerous programmes provide comprehensive training in ethical hacking, assuring students a promising future with ample opportunities. Prospective applicants should carefully assess the ethical hacking eligibility criteria. Some specialised courses include: B.Tech in Cybersecurity B.Sc. in Networking B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) B.Sc. in Cybersecurity M.Sc. in Cybersecurity M.Tech in Network & Information Security M.Tech in Information Security M.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. Duration and Fees of Ethical Hacking Courses The duration of different ethical hacking courses varies across universities, platforms, and enrollment modes. Courses can range from as short as a few weeks to as long as two to four years. These courses are offered at various levels by different platforms. The ethical hacking course fees also depend on the universities, modes, platforms and areas covered.  Here’s a breakdown of the average ethical hacking course duration across different levels: Course Duration Certificate in Ethical Hacking Up to a few weeks Online Ethical Hacking Courses A few weeks – 1 year Ethical Hacking Diploma 1 – 2 years Undergraduate Courses 3 – 4 years Postgraduate Courses 2 years These durations and fees provide a flexible range of options for individuals pursuing ethical hacking education, catering to both short-term skill acquisition and comprehensive academic pathways. Undergraduate and Postgraduate Eligibility Criteria for Ethical Hacking Programmes Universities adhere to diverse admission criteria when admitting students. Below are the eligibility criteria for undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) ethical hacking degree programmes. Eligibility Criteria for Undergraduate Courses To pursue an undergraduate (UG) cyber ethical hacking course, candidates must hold a 10+2 qualification from a recognised board. However, entrance examinations are taken for UG-level ethical hacking programmes.  Top Entrance Exams for Undergraduate Courses Here is a list of some notable entrance exams for undergraduate courses: KIITEE (Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Entrance Examination):  KIITEE is the entrance exam organised by the Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology. The comprehensive test facilitates admission to various science and technology programs such as M.Sc, B.Tech, M.Tech, B.Arch,  computer applications (BCA), and Mass Communication. The exam evaluates candidates’ knowledge and aptitude in different fields, enabling them to access multiple educational avenues. HITSEEE (Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science Engineering Entrance Examination):  HITSEEE is the annual entrance exam organised by the Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science. It is tailored for engineering aspirants aiming to secure a seat in the institute’s various engineering courses.  The test assesses candidates’ knowledge in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. HITSEEE allows students to become part of the Hindustan Institute’s academic community and embark on their engineering journey. VITEEE (VIT Engineering Entrance Exam) conducted by the Vellore Institute of Technology):  VITEEE is a prominent university-level entrance exam. It offers admission to diverse engineering programmes at the Vellore Institute of Technology. The exam covers subjects like physics, chemistry, mathematics, and English. VITEEE is a platform for students to compete for seats in one of India’s most prestigious technical institutions.  Eligibility Criteria for Postgraduate Courses Prospective candidates aspiring to secure admission to a postgraduate ethical hacking course must hold a bachelor’s degree from a recognised university. This requirement is a fundamental prerequisite. Additionally, candidates must participate in common entrance examinations essential to the admission process. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Top Entrance Exams for Postgraduate Courses Here are three noteworthy postgraduate (PG) entrance exams, along with their associated details: GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering):  Conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, GATE is a national-level examination held annually. It provides a pathway for students interested in pursuing engineering courses at the postgraduate level.  Candidates can apply for the GATE examination as early as the third year of their bachelor’s degree. This enables students to plan their academic trajectories well, aligning their aspirations with this prestigious examination. VITMEE (VIT Master’s Entrance Examination):  Conducted by the Vellore Institute of Technology, VITMEE is an exclusive entrance test for those eyeing postgraduate courses. Conducted once a year, this examination unlocks entry to programs such as M.Tech (Master of Technology), MCA (Master of Computer Applications), and Integrated PhD. The diverse courses offered through VITMEE empowers students to specialise in technical domains and contribute meaningfully to the industry. IPUCET (Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test):  IPUCET is a university-level examination conducted by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. This exam provides admission opportunities to various undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) courses.  Candidates must check the examination’s eligibility criteria before registering. IPUCET is a gateway for students to access many programs, enhancing their educational and career prospects. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Ethical Hacking Subjects Due to a growing concern for internet security, ethical hacking has emerged as a sought-after field of study. An ethical hacking full course delves into the tools and methods hackers employ to identify vulnerabilities within defensive systems. The curriculum for ethical hacking is diverse across various courses. Here are some prevalent ethical hacking subjects typically incorporated in ethical hacking course syllabus: Introduction to Hacking and Cyber-Ethics Information Gathering Techniques Scanning and Network Reconnaissance Exploring the Google Hacking Database Analysis of Viruses and Worms Understanding Trojans and Backdoors Sniffers and Keyloggers: Functions and Prevention Unveiling Social Engineering Tactics Addressing Email, DNS, and IP Spoofing Enhancing System Security and Countermeasures Exploration of HoneyPots for Threat Detection Future Prospects of Ethical Hacking Upon completing any of the abovementioned courses, a wide spectrum of job opportunities opens up, catering to undergraduates and postgraduate students. The type of job one can secure hinges upon an individual’s skills and expertise. Here are some promising career avenues: Ethical Hacker Ethical hackers play a crucial role in strengthening cybersecurity. They are often called white hat hackers. They apply their knowledge of hacking techniques to assess and identify vulnerabilities in computer systems, networks, and applications.  Simulating real-world attacks helps organisations identify weak points and develop robust defence strategies. Ethical hackers often work for government agencies, financial institutions, tech companies, and cybersecurity firms, ensuring that sensitive data remains secure and safeguarded against potential threats. Information Security Analyst Information security analysts are at the forefront of safeguarding an organisation’s digital assets. They analyse an organisation’s IT infrastructure, identify vulnerabilities, and implement security measures to mitigate risks. They monitor network traffic, conduct security audits, and respond to incidents promptly.  They proactively protect against cyberattacks, data breaches, and unauthorised access by staying updated on the latest cybersecurity threats and solutions. Information security analysts are pivotal in maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive information. Information Security Manager Information security managers oversee an organisation’s entire cybersecurity strategy. They formulate and implement security policies, educate employees on best practices, and ensure compliance with industry regulations.  Information security managers collaborate with various departments to establish a comprehensive security framework, manage security budgets, and lead incident response teams in the event of a breach. Their role is crucial in adapting to evolving cyber threats. Security Consultant Security consultants provide expert guidance to organisations seeking to enhance their security position. They assess existing security systems, conduct risk assessments, and recommend tailored solutions to address vulnerabilities.  Security consultants work with clients to design and implement security measures, from access controls to encryption protocols. Their expertise helps organisations stay ahead of potential threats, minimise risks, and build resilient defence mechanisms against cyberattacks. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Conclusion The digital landscape of today’s time has boosted the importance of ethical hackers. As technology continues to advance, its potential risks and vulnerabilities, too, continue to evolve and rise. The field of information security analysts is set to experience a substantial growth of 35% by 2031. Ethical hackers, thus, play a pivotal role in safeguarding sensitive information, digital infrastructure, and privacy by proactively identifying and rectifying security loopholes. Thus, the market for ethical hackers will only broaden in the future.  Looking for the best hacking course for beginners? If you want to choose ethical hacking as your career, consider pursuing an ethical hacking course online or offline, depending on what suits you the best.  

The digital landscape, the by-product of technological advancement, is an evolving field with innovative ideas emerging daily. However, as we know, with pros comes its fair share of cons. Similarly, technological advancements brought the dark world of cyber threats that strive to exploit the fabric of our interconnected society. Thus, the need for an ethical guardian to safeguard our digital domains from malicious hackers was felt. As a result, white hat hacking came into the picture.  As the name suggests, white hat ethical hackers stay on the right side of the law and use their hacking abilities for defensive purposes. They find security flaws in devices, networks, and programs only when legally permitted.  This blog will unravel and dive deep into the fascinating world of white hat ethical hacking.  Who Is a White Hat Hacker?  The job of a white hat hacker perfectly illustrates the old saying, “It takes a thief to catch a thief.” Someone who understands a thief’s tactics and thought processes is best equipped to catch them. That’s why the best line of defence against black hat hackers is an army of white hat hackers.  Governments and organisations hire white hat hackers to find flaws in their defence systems and patch them up before black hat hackers can exploit them to their advantage. The term “white hat” in their name indicates their role as protectors working within ethical boundaries.  White hat hackers use their hacking skills to identify vulnerabilities in software, hardware, or networks by conducting attacks with prior permission from their employers. They can work under roles like cybersecurity analyst, IT engineer, penetration tester, etc.  Understanding White Hat Hacking  Ethical hacking involves a systematic approach to identifying vulnerabilities in a system before malicious hackers spot them. The entire process, from planning to analysing and reassessing the software, ensures that no malicious attacker can exploit it.  This lawful process starts with gathering the required information about the target organisation. To identify open ports and services, security experts then perform vulnerability assessments, including exploitation, to gauge the impact of the weaknesses. The process concludes with a comprehensive report detailing all findings, including vulnerability descriptions and recommendations for mitigation.  Organisations then remediate identified issues by applying patches or reconfiguring systems. Ethical hackers often perform follow-up assessments to confirm successful remediation and enhance the cycle of adaptability to evolving threats. White hat hackers adhere to strict ethical and legal guidelines throughout this process.  Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. White Hat Hackers vs. Black Hat Hackers vs. Grey Hat Hackers: A Comparative Study In the world of hacking, there are predominantly three types of hackers. Although they have similar skills, what separates them is their intention. Apart from white and black hat hackers, there are also grey hat hackers. Let us know about the three of them through the table given below.  Aspect White Hat Hacker Black Hat Hacker Gray Hat Hacker Intention Defensive, Aim to identify and fix vulnerabilities Offensive, Exploit vulnerabilities for personal gain Variable, Intentions shift between ethical and unethical Permission Authorised by the organisation for whom they work. Unauthorised, Mainly work for their own good. May or may not have consent, Action falls in a legal grey area Legality Operates within the rules of law Often engages in illegal activities Mainly operates in a legally ambiguous manner Tools and Techniques Use tools to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities of a network Employs hacking tools to exploit vulnerabilities  Use hacking tools but may dispose of findings responsibly Ethical Guidelines Follow strict ethical guidelines  Disregard ethical principles Have a mixed ethical stance Outcome  Enhance cybersecurity system and protection against threats Disrupt systems by inflicting harm and stealing data Outcomes vary depending upon the intention of the hacker Community Perception Highly respected for their body of work Condemned by everyone, including the law enforcement Mixed perception  Tools and Techniques Used by White Hat Ethical Hackers White hat hacking employs several tools and techniques, resembling black hat hacking, but only to enhance the organisation’s security posture.  1. Penetration Testing Through this testing, ethical hackers simulate real-world attacks to identify and exploit vulnerabilities. They then try to penetrate the organisation’s exposed network.  Hackers use tools like Metasploit to execute known exploits, Nmap for network scanning, and Wireshark for packet analysis to run such tests.  2. Email Phishing  Phishing attacks are a trap that aims to lure targets into divulging sensitive information just by clicking on malicious links. However, to protect an organisation from such an attack, white hat hackers automate email phishing campaigns with the help of tools like SET (Social-Engineer Toolkit). 3. Denial-of-Service Attack A denial-of-service (DoS) attack on a system can temporarily disrupt its performance, rendering it unavailable to users. This is done by flooding a system with excessive traffic or requests. However, a response plan prepared to deal with such attacks can protect the organisation from greater losses. A white hat hacker simulates this attack to help the organisation develop a DoS response plan. White hat hacking tools, like intrusion detection/ prevention systems, can also be used.  4. Social Engineering White hat hackers tailor social engineering exercises that use behavioural techniques to assess the organisation’s level of security awareness. Tests like these help prevent an actual attack by educating the organisation’s employees on attack strategies.  5. Security Scanning Identifying vulnerabilities is one of the key roles of white hat hackers. Ethical hackers use tools like Nessus and OpenVAS to perform complex vulnerability scans. They also use Nikto, which focuses on web server security. Identifying weaknesses in a system helps resolve the issue before it can cause a large-scale impact.  Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Guide To Become a White Hat Hacker To become a white hat hacker, one must be technically sound with hands-on experience in cybersecurity. However, not all businesses demand the same educational requirements. Here’s a comprehensive roadmap to being a white hat hacker.  Education Start with a strong education foundation, especially in computer science, networking fundamentals, and information technology. Obtaining a bachelor’s degree in a related field like cybersecurity from a reputed institution can be more fruitful.  Cybersecurity Training Acquire specialised training or opt for a white hat hacker course in cybersecurity. Get familiar with network protocols, IP addressing, and cryptography, and learn ethical hacking techniques. Additionally, learn programming languages like Python, C/C++, Java, and other scripting languages. Hands-on Experience Earning quality experience by working under reputed organisations can be beneficial, even leading to employment opportunities. However, interning with notable companies might be challenging, so practise your skills in a controlled environment like virtual labs. Also, engaging in such practices with tools and techniques can sharpen your skills for real-world scenarios.  Legal and Ethical Understanding Understanding the legalities they work in is of utmost importance for white hat hackers. Awareness of the legal boundaries, seeking authorisation for testing, and prioritising the responsible disclosure of vulnerabilities is paramount. It is also the job of ethical hackers to adhere to a strict code of conduct while serving their duty. Thus, maintaining the highest ethical standards while working is mandatory for this job.  Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Some Renowned White Hat Hackers Around the World Several well-known white hat hackers have made a name in history through their remarkable contributions to cybersecurity. Below are some of the notable figures who can inspire you to pursue a career in white hat hacking.  Kevin Mitnick Mitnick has greatly transformed his life from being a notorious black hat hacker to a white hat consultant. His extensive experience in social engineering and security led him to become a respected consultant and author of several notable cybersecurity books.  Dan Kaminsky In his 42 years, Kaminsky has co-founded a computer security company and is also well known for discovering critical DNS vulnerabilities. He was and continues to be a respected figure in the cybersecurity community.  Charlie Miller and Chris Valasek These security researchers shook the automotive industry in 2015 by remotely hacking a Jeep Cherokee’s system, leading to a massive vehicle recall. Now, they work in the automotive security industry.  Mikko Hyppönen Hyppönen is a Finnish computer security expert widely known for his work on analysing and combating malware and cyber threats. He is also known for the Hyppönen law for IoT security, which refers to the fact that whenever an appliance is described as “smart”, it is vulnerable. Keren Elazari She is a cybersecurity analyst, writer, and global speaker on platforms like TED Talk. Elazari’s area of research includes cyberwarfare and politics. Also, her speeches reflect her keen interest in engaging hackers to improve cybersecurity. Jeff Moss When discussing the greatest white hat hackers, we cannot forget to name Moss, the founder of DEF CON, a popular computer security conference. He is mainly known as Dark Tangent in the computer world.  Legalities and Limitations of White Hat Hacking Despite its ethical purpose, white hat hacking is also subject to legal considerations and limitations. Some of them are listed below. Authorisation Ethical hackers must obtain explicit permission before securing their target organisation. Unauthorised hacking can lead to criminal charges and other legal consequences as well.  Data Protection Laws Obeying the data protection laws is foremost for white hat hackers as serious legal penalties exist for not following them. Laws like GDPR or HIPAA are crucial when running security assessments. Scope Before conducting any scanning, the testing scope should be clearly defined. Ethical hackers should not go beyond the agreed boundaries to avoid legal complications.  Contractual Agreements In any job involving the interests of two parties, it is important to have a contractual agreement between them. Therefore, a non-disclosure agreement or terms of engagement should be in place beforehand to protect both ethical hackers and the organisation.  In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Conclusion In today’s digital landscape, white hat hackers are sentinels against cyber threats. They use hacking skills ethically to uncover vulnerabilities legally with explicit permission. They follow a structured process, using tools and white hat hacking techniques to identify a network or system’s weaknesses.  All in all, these ethical guardians protect our digital world with their expertise and commitment to cybersecurity. They stand as the white hat heroes against malicious forces, ensuring a safer digital space for all.  You can become a part of this exciting world by registering for a cybersecurity course, ensuring innovation can thrive securely.