As of 2024, 1,109,460 doctors are practicing in the US.
The US has 36.1 doctors per 10,000 people, compared to India’s 7.3 per 10,000.
In the US, the employment rate of physicians and surgeons is expected to grow 4 percent from 2023 to 2033.
Cardiologists represent about 6% of the 566,000+ specialty physicians in the U.S., yet consistently rank among the highest-paid medical professionals. On average, they earn around $423K (INR 3.5CR) annually, a sharp jump from the $218K (INR 1.8CR) that most physicians make. This pay gap reflects the growing demand for cardiac care and the specialized skills required in the field.
If you're planning a career in cardiology, understanding how salaries vary by location, experience, and work setting can help you choose the right path. This guide breaks down cardiologist salary in the U.S. to give you a clear picture, whether you're aiming for high-paying subspecialties or deciding between private practice and hospital roles.
Cardiology is a high-demand field, with a salary of $289K, driven by rising lifestyle-related conditions like obesity and hypertension, and wider insurance access. Its combination of clinical impact, subspecialty options, and strong compensation makes it a preferred career path for many.
Here’s an overview of the cardiology profession in the US:
With a brief overview of the cardiology profession, let’s explore how cardiologist salaries in US vary across different healthcare settings such as private practice and hospitals.
Salary Comparison Across Different Healthcare Settings in US
Salary across healthcare settings will help you identify the most financially rewarding career paths in the U.S. healthcare sector. Government-employed cardiologists ($3L) receive stable base pay with potential performance bonuses. Hospital-employed professionals ($357K) earn stable base pay with potential performance bonuses.
Private practice cardiologists may earn $357K, depending on patient volume and ownership. Meanwhile, academic cardiologists ($357K) can supplement income through research grants and teaching stipends.
Here’s how cardiologist salary in US vary based on healthcare settings:
Healthcare Setting
Average Annual Salary (USD)
Average Annual Salary (INR)
Government
$3L
INR 2.5CR
Private Practice
$357K
INR 3CR
Hospital Employed
$355K
INR 3CR
University Employed
$357K
INR 3CR
Source: Glassdoor, ZipRecruiter
Note: The salary conversion may vary based on the currency exchange rate.
Beyond healthcare settings, your location of practice plays a major role in determining cardiologist salaries. Let’s explore how location impacts earnings.
Cardiologist Salary in US: By Location
Cardiologist salaries in the U.S. vary based on local demand, competition, and living costs. For instance, salaries in Arizona average $350K due to lower competition, while in New York, higher competition brings it down to $299K. California's cost of living is 36.8% higher than rural states like Ohio, often limiting take-home value despite higher base pay.
Here’s how cardiologist salary in US varies based on location:
State
Average Annual Salary (USD)
Average Annual Salary (INR)
New York
$299K
INR 2.5CR
Texas
$297K
INR 2.5CR
California
$301K
INR 2.5CR
Florida
$349K
INR 2.9CR
Illinois
$355K
INR 3CR
Colorado
$132K
INR 1.1CR
Ohio
$138K
INR 1.1CR
Arizona
$350K
INR 2.9CR
North Carolina
$263K
INR 2.2CR
Indiana
$409K
INR 3.4CR
Source: Indeed
Note: The salary conversion may vary based on the currency exchange rate.
Here’s a graphical representation of cardiologist salary in US based on location:
While location plays a crucial role in income potential, a cardiologist’s years of experience and choice of work setting also significantly affect earnings. Let’s explore how compensation changes based on experience.
Average Cardiologist Salary in US: By Experience
Cardiologist salaries in the U.S. vary significantly by experience, specialization, and work setting.Entry-level cardiologist in the U.S. earns around $200K, largely due to limited procedural exposure. Senior specialists with expertise in areas like interventional cardiology or electrophysiology earn significantly over $300K.
In hospital settings, entry-level cardiologists earn around $271K, while senior roles can exceed $360K, especially with added leadership responsibilities and complex case handling. In private practice, earnings are generally higher due to greater autonomy and billing potential.
Here’s how experience plays a key role in cardiologist salary in US:
Doctor Level
Average Annual Salary
Hospital Employed
Entry-level
$2L (INR 1.7CR)
$271K (INR 2.3CR)
Mid-level
$2L (INR 1.7CR)
$347K (INR 2.9CR)
Senior-level
$3L (INR 2.5CR)
$360K (INR 3CR)
Source: Glassdoor
Note:
The currency conversion is based on the current exchange rate.
Private practice salaries vary due to factors like location, specialization, and patient volume, making them difficult to estimate.
Understanding how cardiologist salaries compare globally can offer valuable perspective. Let’s now explore how compensation differs across countries.
Cardiologist Salary in USA vs Other Countries: Global Comparison
Knowing cardiologist salaries by country helps assess where your expertise is most valued and where long-term growth is sustainable. For instance, cardiologists in the U.S. earn $289K (INR 2.4CR) annually, which is higher than counterparts in the UK (£84K) or Australia (AUD 299K).
These variations arise from differences in healthcare infrastructure, demand for specialists, cost of living, and funding models like the NHS in the UK. In fact, the cost of living in the U.S. is 83% higher than in India, contributing to the higher salary benchmarks.
Here’s how cardiologist salaries vary across countries:
Country
Average Annual Salary
Average Annual Salary (INR)
United Kingdom
£84T
INR 93.3L
Germany
€120T
INR 1.1CR
Australia
A$299K
INR 1.5CR
Canada
CA$198K
INR 1.1CR
India
INR 7.2L
N/A
Source: Glassdoor
Note: The salary conversion may vary based on the currency exchange rate.
The disparity also highlights how the public vs private healthcare model, medical education costs, and availability of specialists affect compensation.
Now that you’ve seen how global salaries stack up, let’s move on to key trends shaping the future of cardiologist salaries in the U.S.
Future Trends in Cardiologist Salary in US
To align with future salary trends, cardiologists can specialize in areas like cardiac imaging or heart failure management. Using AI tools like IBM Watson for Healthcare or pursuing interventional cardiology can also boost earning potential.
Preparing for these trends by gaining relevant experience or shifting to high-demand subspecialties like adult cardiology can make a significant impact.
Here are some future trends influencing cardiologist salary in US:
Integration with Tech and Data
With AI, machine learning, and data-driven diagnostics reshaping cardiology, cardiologists trained in AI-based echocardiography or predictive analytics are in high demand. Their expertise can command salary premiums, especially in hospitals adopting tech-enabled patient care models.
Rise of Cardiology Subspecialties
Cardiologists specializing in interventional cardiology, electrophysiology, and cardiac imaging can earn more than general cardiologists. For example, interventional cardiologists, who perform procedures like stent placements, can get a salary as high as $370K (INR 3.1CR). This is comparatively higher than $289K (INR 2.4CR) earned by general cardiologists.
Value-Based Payment Models
Cardiologists who achieve better patient outcomes, such as improving heart health metrics, are rewarded with performance bonuses. Cardiologists in leadership roles, such as medical directors, are witnessing an increase in their compensation packages ($300K+/INR 2.5CR+). This is due to their ability to meet these quality benchmarks.
Shortage of Specialists
With a shortage of cardiologists, particularly in rural or underserved areas, physicians are commanding higher salaries to fill the gap. For example, rural hospitals in areas like Colorado may offer financial incentives, relocation bonuses, and student loan repayment to attract cardiologists.
Aging Population & Higher Cardiac Burden
The aging population is leading to an increase in age-related cardiovascular conditions such as heart disease, hypertension, and arrhythmias. This shift translates to a greater demand for cardiologists, especially those in clinical roles managing chronic conditions.
Cardiologists in specialized fields like interventional cardiology ($370K/INR 3.1CR) are experiencing a rise in demand, pushing salaries higher in these areas.
After exploring the trends shaping cardiologist salaries in the US, let’s examine the factors influencing current salary levels.
Factors Affecting Cardiologist Salary in US in 2025
Salary factors like employer type, location, and subspecialty can guide your career choices in terms of specialization or place of work. For example, experienced cardiologists earn $3L (INR 2.5CR), while entry-level cardiologists earn $2L (INR 1.7CR). Locations like New York offer higher salaries compared to Arizona due to demand, competition, and cost of living.
Here are the factors influencing cardiologist salary in US:
Type of Employer
Cardiologists in private practice earn an average $357K (INR 3CR), driven by a direct link between income and the volume of procedures and patients they handle.
Government-employed cardiologists earn around $300K (INR 2.5CR), with salaries shaped by fixed budgets and public sector constraints.
Despite lower pay, government roles offer added benefits like job security and retirement plans.
Geographic Location
Cardiologists in high-demand states like New York ($299K) and California ($301K) earn more, influenced by a competitive job market and higher cost of living.
In contrast, those practicing in rural areas like Ohio earn less (around $138K), reflecting lower demand and a reduced cost of living.
Subspecialty
Cardiologists in high-demand specialties like interventional cardiology or electrophysiology earn significantly higher salaries.
Interventional cardiologists, for example, earn around $370K (INR 3.1CR) due to their role in performing complex procedures like stent replacement.
General cardiologists typically earn less, averaging about $289K (INR 2.4CR).
Reimbursement Rates
Cardiologists in high-reimbursement specialties like thoracic surgery can earn up to $547K (INR 4.6CR), driven by higher insurance payouts.
Specialties with lower reimbursement rates, such as preventive care, tend to offer salaries closer to $300K (INR 2.5CR).
Work Hours and Call Frequency
Cardiologists who work longer hours or are involved in emergency procedures can command higher salaries.
For example, cardiologists involved in intensive care earn $357K (INR 3CR), as the workload is more demanding and involves higher risks.
Cardiologists with regular office hours or those focusing on outpatient care may earn $289K (INR 2.4CR), reflecting a less demanding work schedule.
Years of Experience
Cardiologists with over 10 years of experience, especially in specialized areas like interventional cardiology, can earn around $300K (INR 2.5CR).
Their strong patient base and reputation allow them to negotiate higher compensation.
Entry-level cardiologists with less than 2 years of experience typically earn closer to $200K (INR 1.7CR).
With an insightful view of the factors influencing cardiologist salaries in the US, let’s explore how upGrad can help you achieve your dream of transitioning to the US.
How Can upGrad Help You Prepare for Cardiologist Jobs in the US?
Transitioning to cardiologist roles in the US involves navigating complex certification, licensure, and immigration processes. upGrad simplifies this by offering specialized programs, career advancement resources, and visa assistance to ensure a smoother transition.
Here’s how upGrad can help you:
Global Medical Education Pathways
upGrad offers healthcare management and advanced medical education programs that can help you build a strong foundation in global medical practices.
Career Advancement Programs
upGrad connects you with seasoned mentors who guide you on building a US-based cardiology career covering interview strategies, specialization paths, and job search methods tailored to healthcare.
Visa and Immigration Support
Visa experts will help you understand the paperwork and procedures for securing the right to work as a cardiologist in the US.
Networking Opportunities
Through collaborations with healthcare professionals, upGrad helps you connect with key players in the medical industry, offering networking opportunities.
Job Placement Assistance
upGrad’s resume building, interview prep, and personalized job search support help you secure cardiology-related positions in the US.
Unsure about the best path for a cardiologist job in the US? Book afree one-on-one counseling session with upGrad and get expert guidance on certifications, licensure, immigration processes, and career strategies!
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Are there gender disparities in cardiologist salaries in the US?
Yes, studies show that female cardiologists earn approximately 15% less than their male counterparts. Female cardiologists earn $386K (INR 3.3CR) on average, compared to $449K (INR 3.8CR) for men. Factors contributing to this gap include women’s tendency to work fewer hours or take career breaks due to family responsibilities.
How do academic positions compare to private practice in terms of salary?
In academic settings, cardiologists earn $270K–$300K (INR 2.3CR - INR 2.5CR), whereas those in private practice often earn $350K–$400K (INR 2.9CR - INR 3.4CR). Private practice cardiologists benefit from revenue-sharing models and patient volumes, especially in high-demand regions.
For example, in New York City, private practice cardiologists earn 20-30% more than their academic counterparts due to higher patient inflow and specialized services.
What is the impact of board certifications on a cardiologist's salary?
Board certification directly impacts salary when cardiologists pursue additional certifications in subspecialties. For example, a general cardiologist might earn $289K (INR 2.4CR), whereas those with certifications in interventional cardiology can earn upwards of $355K (INR 3CR).
Are there differences in salary between adult and pediatric cardiologists?
Yes, pediatric cardiologists generally earn less than adult cardiologists. Adult cardiologists earn an average of $398K (INR 3.4CR), whereas pediatric cardiologists earn around $305K (INR 2.6CR). This disparity shows the complexity and procedure-heavy nature of adult cardiology, which drives higher reimbursement.
How do malpractice insurance costs affect cardiologist salaries in the US?
Malpractice insurance can significantly impact net earnings, particularly for interventional cardiologists who face higher legal risks. Premiums range from $50K–$150K (INR 42.8L–1.2CR) annually. These costs are often deducted from total compensation, especially in private practice settings, affecting overall take-home pay.
What are the primary challenges cardiologists face in their profession?
Cardiologists face challenges like long working hours, high stress, burnout, and the need for constant skill updates. The demand for cardiologists is expected to grow by 5% over the next decade due to the aging population. According to a survey, nearly 40% of cardiologists are experiencing burnout, directly affecting job satisfaction and work-life balance.
How do incentive bonuses contribute to a cardiologist's total compensation in the US?
Incentive bonuses contribute to high salaries in private practice and hospital-employed positions. Cardiologists who perform procedures such as angioplasty may earn up to 30% of their salary in bonuses. For instance, a cardiologist earning $350K (INR 2.9CR) may receive $70K–$100K (INR 59.9L - INR 85.6L) in annual bonuses based on patient volume and procedural success rates.
How does the integration of advanced technologies in cardiology affect salaries?
The integration technologies like robotic surgery and AI-powered diagnostic tools can increase cardiologists' earning potential by streamlining procedures and improving patient outcomes.
For example, cardiologists specializing in robotic-assisted procedures have seen their salaries increase by 10–15% due to the higher demand for these advanced procedures.
How does the aging U.S. population impact cardiologist salaries in the US?
The aging population is increasing the demand for cardiologists, particularly in specialties like heart failure and geriatrics. According to the American College of Cardiology, by 2030, the U.S. will require an additional 10,000 cardiologists to meet the needs of an older population.
As a result, cardiologists who work in areas with a high elderly population, like Florida, may see a 10–15% salary increase due to the higher volume of patients.
Is there a salary ceiling for cardiologists employed in large healthcare systems?
Cardiologists in large healthcare systems may face salary ceilings due to institutional pay structures. For example, cardiologists at top-tier hospitals like the Cleveland Clinic may have fixed salary ranges, with minimal performance-based bonuses.
While job security and benefits are excellent, cardiologists in these systems might not experience the same high earning potential seen in private practices.
Do cardiologists with academic publications earn more in research hospitals?
Yes, cardiologists who publish research and contribute to clinical trials or medical journals tend to earn more, especially in research hospitals. According to a study in Academic Medicine, cardiologists involved in high-impact publications and research earn up to 20% more than their non-research counterparts.
Additionally, their expertise in publishing attracts prestigious roles in academic medical centers, which offer higher salaries and career advancement opportunities.
She is an experienced writer and journalist who has extensively covered the education sector in India and Abroad. Now helping Indian aspirants realise their foreign education dream by providing them with relevant content and information through upGrad Abroad. Amateur traveller, loves to read Architectural Digest!
CGPA to GPA Calculator
EXPENSE CALCULATOR
Ielts band calculator
Education Loan Calculator
University partner
ACCOMMODATION
experience-center
)
